Chapter 2 Flashcards
Cell membrane
not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what passes into and out of the cell.
nucleus
controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell.
chromosomes
are rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells— except for the sex cells, the egg and the sperm (short for spermatozoon)—contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each sperm and each egg cell have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After an egg and a sperm cell unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
chromosomes
- contain genes.
- each gene contains DNA.
- DNA regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence on each chromosome
karyotype
a photo of a persons chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number
amniocentesis
puncture of the sac around the fetus for removal of fluid and cells
-> for pregnant woman so that the karyotype of the baby can be examined
chromosomal abnormalities
Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21 syndrome): 47 chromosomes instead of 46
catabolism
complex foods such as sugar and fat are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
cellular tunnel systems that manufacture proteins for the cell. attatched to the ER are ribosomes (long chains of protein)
anabolism
occuring on the ER is the process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids
together anabolism and catabolism make up the cell’s metabolism
true
metabolism
the total of the chemical processes occuring in a cell
anabolic steroids
similar to androgens (male hormones) in their effects on the body. they build up protein within cells
histologist
scientist who specializes in the study of tissues
epithelial tissue
Located all over the body, forms linings of internal organs, and the outer surface of the skin covering the body.
also lines exocrine and endocrine glands and is responsible for the secretions that the glands produce
Muscle tissue
Voluntary muscle is found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.
connective tissue
adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone, and blood
internal organs
viscera
digestive system
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (tube from the throat to the stomach), stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
urinary or excretory
Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)
respiratory
Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)
reproductive
Female : Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands
Male : Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
endocrine
Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands
nervous
brain, spinal cord, nerves, collection of nerves
circulatory
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland
musculoskeletal
muscles, bones, joints
skin and sense organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
larynx
voice box; located above the trachea
pharynx
throat
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
pleural cavity
space surrounding each lung. the pleura is a double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. if the pleura is inflamed (as in pleuritis or pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid. this is called pleural effusion
mediastinum
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. it contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
peritoneum
the double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. it attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place
diaphragm
divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities
the cranial and spinal cavities are the dorsal body cavities because of their location on the back or posterior portion of the body
true
the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are ventral (ventr/o=belly) body cavities because they are on the front (anterior) portion of the body
true
dorsal (posterior)
pertaining to the back
ventral (anterior)
pertaining to the front
a collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called ascites
true
right hypochondriac region
right upper region below (-hypo) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
Left hypochondriac region
left upper region below the rib cartilage
epigastric region
region above the stomach
right lumbar region
right middle region near the waist
left lumbar region
left middle region near the waist
umbilical region
region of the navel or umbilicus
right inguinal region
right lower region near the groin (inguin/o=groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. this region is also known as the right iliac region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone)
left inguinal region
left lower region near the groin. also called the left iliac region
hypogastric region
middle lower region below the umbilical region
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
right lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
left lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
hypochondriac
right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
epigastric
middle upper region above the stomach
lumbar
right and left middle regions near the waist
umbilical
central region near the navel
inguinal
right and left lower regions near the groin. also called iliac regions
hypogastric
middle lower region below the umbilical region
anterior (ventral)
front side of the body. ex: the forehead is on the anterior side of the body
posterior (dorsal)
back side of the body. Example: The back of the head is posterior (dorsal) to the face.
deep
away from the surface
superficial
on the surface. Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin.
proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure. Example: The proximal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the hip socket.
distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. Example: At its distal end, the femur joins with the knee.
inferior
below another structure
superior
above another structure
medial
Pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body.
lateral
pertaining to the side
supine
lying on the back
prone
lying on the belly
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
sagittal (lateral) plane
lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. the midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves
transverse (axial) plane
horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground
lateral
pertaining to the side
abdomin/o
meaning: abdomen
term: abdominal
adip/o
meaning: fat
term: adipose. The suffix -OSE means pertaining to or full of. another combining form meaning fat is: lip/o. lipids are fats
anter/o
meaning: front
term: anterior. the suffix -IOR means pertaining to
cervic/o
meaning: neck (of the body or of the uterus)
term: cervical. the cervix is the neck of the uterus
chondr/o
meaning: cartilage (type of connective tissue)
term:
- chondroma. this is a benign tumor.
-chondrosarcoma.this is a malignant tumor. the root sarc indicates that the malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue
chrom/o
meaning: color
term: chromosomes. suffix -SOMES means bodies. literally means bodies of color
coccyg/o
meaning: coccyx (tailbone)
crani/o
meaning: skull
term: craniotomy
cyt/o
cell
dist/o
far, distant
-> distal
dors/o
back portion of the body
-> dorsal
hist/o
tissue
->histology
ili/o
ilium (upper part of the hip bone)
->iliac
inguin/o
groin
-> inguinal
kary/o
nucleus
-> karyotype. the suffix -TYPE means classification or picture
later/o
side
lumb/o
lower back
medi/o
middle
nucle/o
nucleus
pelv/i
pelvis
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
poster/o
back, behind
proxim/o
nearest
sacr/o
sacrum
sarc/o
flesh
->sarcoma
spin/o
spine, backbone
thel/o, theli/o
nipple
thorac/o
chest
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
umbilic/o
navel, umbilicus
ventr/o
belly side of the body
viscer/o
internal organs
The female pelvis is wider and more massive than the male pelvis. The female pelvic opening is a larger, rounded, oval shape, whereas the male pelvic opening is deep, narrow, and funnel- or heart-shaped.
true
prefixes:
-ana
up
-> anabolism
prefixes:
-cata
down
-> catabolism
prefixes:
-epi
above
->epinephrine. the suffix -INE means a substance
prefixes:
-hypo
below
prefixes:
-inter
between
->intervertebral disc
prefixes:
-intra
within
->intravenous
prefixes:
-meta
change
->metabolism
Suffix:
-eal
pertaining to
Suffix:
-ose
pertaining to, full of
Suffix:
-iac
pertaining to
Suffix:
-plasm
formation
Suffix:
-ior
pertaining to
Suffix:
-somes
bodies
Suffix:
-ism
process, condition
Suffix:
-type
picture, classification
epinephrine and adreline
same substance, different names
