Musculoskeletal Flashcards
articular structures
joint capsules, cartilage, synovium and synovial fluid
extra-articular structures
periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursae, muscle
ligaments
ropelike bundles of collagen fibrils that connect bone to bone
tendon
collagen fibers connecting muscle to bone
bursae
pouches of synovial fluid that cushion the movement of tendon and muscles over bone or other joint structures
3 types of joints
synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous
3 types of synovial joints
spheroidal, hinge, condylar
spheroidal joints are what kind of joint and function
synovial joint, ball and socket flex
Hinge joints are what kind of joint and function
synovial joint, motion 1 way- flexion and extension ex. elbow
condylar joints are what kind of joint and function
synovial joint, 2 surfaces, knee and mandible
Cartilaginous joint examples
spine and symphones pubis
Fibrous joint example
skull but unable to move
extension
limb goes into a straight line
flexion
bending, decreases angle between the bones forming a joint
hyperextension
extreme extension of joint usually by trauma
abduction
movement of limb away from median plane of body (away from body)
adduction
movement of limb toward to the median plane of body (toward body)
circumduction
movement around an axis in a circular motion
Internal rotation
rotation toward the center of the body
external rotation
rotation away from the center of the body
pronation
facing downward or palm facing downward
supination
lying on back, or palm facing upward
inversion
turing inward
eversion
turning outward
retraction
being drawn backward (posterior direction)
protraction
being drawn forward
opposition
thumb reaches across to touch fingers
reposition
restoring body part back to anatomical position (thumb returns back to side of fingers)
depression
lowering of a body part (ex. lowering shoulders)
elevation
rise of a body part (ex. shrugging shoulders)
ulnar deviation
long axis of fingers turn away from thumb and turn towards pinky (seen in rheumatoid arthritis)
radial deviation
long axis of fingers turns away from pinky and toward thumb
when examining vascular integrity of limbs, which 3 symptoms are an emergency when all together
coldness, severe pain and paresthesia
where can the temporomandibular joint cause pain?
ear, headache/migraines
fasciculation
twitching of muscle fibers
apley scratch test
test of shoulder function, patient reaches behind back
how to test acromioclavicular joint (AC) and which joint is this apart of?
have patient cross arm over chest. this is part of the shoulder
If patient has pain with crossover test, what kind of problem is it?
the acromioclavicular joint (AC)
Epicondylitis
inflammation epicondyle of the humerus and surrounding tissue (golfers/tennis elbow)
what should fingers look like at rest?
slightly flexed and aligned almost parallel
how many carpel bones in hand?
8
anatomic snuffbox
distal to the radial styloid process with lateral extension of thumb away from hand (the dent in the wrist when thumb is extended)
Tinel’s sign
tingling with tapping over the median nerve as it enters the carpal tunnel
phalen’s sign
numbness or tingling with pressing backs of hands together in acute flexion for 60 seconds
how many cervical, thoracic, lumbar?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
function of paravertebral muscles?
allow muscles along spine to spasm
paravertebral muscle normally feel like what?
firm
flexion and extension of neck
chin to chest, look up at ceiling
rotation and lateral bending of neck
look over one shoulder and then the other, bring ear to shoulder
flexion and extension of spine
bend forward and try to touch toes, bend backward
rotation and lateral bending of spine
rotate trunk, bend to side from waist
inspect two phases of gait
swing (walking) and stance (foot on ground-weight bearing)
flexion of hip
bend knee to chest and pull against abdomen
extension of hip
leg extends posteriorly with patient near edge of table
abduction and adduction of hips
reach across and grasp opposite hip; grasp ankle and move leg laterally, then medially toward opposite hip
external and internal rotation of hip
flex hip and knee to 90 degrees, grasp ankle, rotate flexed lower leg medially then laterally
what should you be feeling your Achilles tendon for?
nodules or tenderness
if Achilles is intact and you pinch the calf what should happen? and what if there is a tear?
foot should move which means Achilles intact, if there is a tear, foot wont move
ankle flexion (plantar flexion)
point foot toward floor
ankle extension (dorsiflexion)
point foot toward ceiling
inversion of ankle and how many degrees?
bend heel inward (35 degrees)
eversion of ankle and how many degrees?
bend heel outward (25 degrees)
ankle flexion (plantar flexion) degree of motion
20-50 degrees
ankle extension (dorsiflexion) degree of motion
10-30 degrees
strain
injury to muscles and tendons
sprain
injury to ligaments
what can strain and sprain both cause?
ripping or tearing sounds
fracture
produces diffuse swelling around he bone after injury
polyarthralgia
aches in multiple joints
