Musculo-skeletal System Flashcards
Protection (functions in SS)
Skeleton protects vital organs including the heart.
Ex.A hockey ball hits your head, the skull will protect the brain
Blood cell production (functions of SS)
Produced in the bone marrow:
- platelets help with blood clotting.
- White blood cells fight infection.
- Red blood cells carry oxygen to respiring muscles.
Mineral storage (functions of SS)
Bones store calcium and phosphorus.
These are vital for maintaining strong and healthy bones.
Joints for movement (functions in SS)
Joints are where 2 or more bones meet.
Allow 2 types of movements:
“Fine”- picking and writing with a pen.
“Gross”- throwing a javelin
Muscle attachment (functions of SS)
Muscles are attached to bones via tendons.
When muscles contract bones are pulled up causing movement.
Long bones (types of bones)
Aid movement by working as levers.
Ex: The humerus and the femur.
Ex in sport: act as lever to kick a football at speed.
Short bones (types of bones)
Weight bearing and provide support.
Ex: The aceparlas and tarsals.
Ex in sport: supports body weight in handstand.
Flat bones (types of bones)
Provide protection and have large SA for muscles to attach to.
Ex: ribs and sternum
Ex in sport: cranium protects brain if hit by cricket ball.
Irregular bones (types of bones)
Provide protection and allow muscle attachment.
Ex: the vertebrae
Ex in sport: muscles attach to vertebrae allowing to bend down for ball.
Hand bones
From bottom to top:
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Feet bones
From bottom to top:
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
The vertebral column
From top to bottom: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
Hinge joint
Located: knee, elbow and ankle.
Movements: flexion, Extension, Dorsi-flexion, Plantar-flexion.
Ball and socket joints
Located: hip and shoulder.
Movement:Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction and Rotation.
Pivot joint
Location: neck
Movement: rotation
Condyloid joint
Located: wrist
Movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction.
Flexion (movement at joint)
When angle at joint decreases.
Occurs: hinge, ball and socket, condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: bending knee back in preparation to kick football.
Extension (movement at joint)
When angle at angle increases.
Occurs: hinge, ball and socket,
condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: at knee when following through after kicking football.
Abduction (movement at joint)
Movement of limb away from middle of body.
Occurs: ball and socket, condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: reaching sideways to intercept basketball pass.
Adduction (movement at joint)
Movement of limb towards middle of body.
Occurs: ball and socket, condyloid joints.
Ex in sport: moving arms and legs towards body during star jump.
Rotation (movement at joint)
Bone at joint moves around it’s own axis, circular movement.
Occurs: ball and socket joints.
Ex in sport: at shoulder when swimming front crawl.
Circumduction (movement at joint)
Movement shape of cone.
Allows 360 degree movement.
Occurs: ball and socket joints.
Ex in sport: at shoulder when swimming butterfly.
Plantar-Flexion (movement at joint)
Movement of pointing toes.
Occurs: hinge joints (ankle)
Ex in sport: ballet dancer is in their toes.
Dorsi-Flexion (movement at joint)
Movement of toes towards shin.
Occurs: hinge joints (ankle)
Ex in sport: hurdler lifts leg to clear the barrier.
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone.
Role: keep joint stable
Prevents unwanted movement might cause injury (dislocation).
Very common injury in team sports
Cardiac muscle (types of muscle)
Forms the heart.
Unconsciously controlled- don’t think to make it contract.
Cardoiac muscle in heart controls to pump blood around body.
Voluntary/ skeletal muscle (types of muscle)
Attach via tendons to skeleton allowing movement.
Under conscious control- move them when we want to.
Ex: biceps contact when performing bicep curl.
Involuntary/smooth muscle (types of muscle)
Found in organs of digestive system, circulatory and urinary system.
Contract slowly and rhythmically.
Unconsciously controlled- contract automatically when required by body.
Ex: involuntary muscles in blood vessels help regulate blood flow.
Deltoid
Location: top of shoulder
Role: abducts arm at shoulder
Ex: lifting arms above head to block ball in volleyball.
Latissimus dorsi
Location: side of back
Role: Adducts upper arm at shoulder.
Ex: butterfly in swimming.
Pectoralis major
Location: front of upper chest
Role: abducts arm at shoulder.
Ex: follow through from forehand in tennis.
External obliques
Location: between lower ribs and abdomen.
Role: rotates trunk and helps pull chest down.
Ex: rotating trunk when throwing javelin.
Biceps
Location: front of upper arm.
Role: Flexion of arm at elbow.
Ex: upwards phase of biceps curl.
Triceps
Location: back of upper arm.
Role: Extension of arm at elbow.
Ex: straightening arms during chest press.
Quadriceps
Location: front of upper leg.
Role: Extension of leg at knee.
Ex: straightening leg after kicking ball.
Hamstrings
Location: back of upper leg.
Role: Flexion of leg at knee.
Ex: bending trail leg going over hurdle.
Gastrocnemius
Location: back of lower leg.
Role: Plantar-Flexion at ankle.
Ex: Pointing tip-toes in ballet.
Tibialis interior
Location: front of lower leg.
Role: dorsi-Flexion at ankle.
Ex: bringing toes up when doing ski jump.
Hip flexors
Location: very top of upper leg
Role: Flexion of leg at hip.
Ex: lifting knees high during sprinting.
Gluteus Maximus
Location: Buttocks.
Role: extension of leg at hip.
Ex: lifting legs back when running.
Antagonistic pairs explanation
Muscles that work together.
One muscles contracts (antagonist) the other muscle relaxes (antagonist).
Antagonistic pairs examples
Biceps and triceps- work together to flex and extend arm at elbow.
Quadriceps and hamstrings- work together when kicking ball.
Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior- work when plantar-Flexion and dorsi-Flexion at ankle.
Hip flexors and gluteus Maximus- allow Flexion and extension and hip.
What are the muscle fibre types?
Slow twitch- Type I
Fast twitch- Type IIa
Fast twitch- Type IIx
Slow twitch- type I
Produce low force. Slow speed of contraction. High endurance. Activities to keep going without tiring. Ex: cross country race. Do not produce much power.
Fast twitch- IIa
Produce high force. Moderate speed of contraction. Medium endurance. More resistance to fatigue than IIx. Ex: 400m race. Not as powerful as Type IIx, resistant as type I.
Fast twitch- Type IIx
Produce very high force.
Fast contracting.
Low endurance.
Good for short, explosive actions requiring power, strength and speed.
Ex: 100m race.
Produces power for very short period of time.
