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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

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2
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A
  1. cytoplasm of a muscle cell

2. contain all the “Normal” organelles of a typical cell

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3
Q

what is a myofiber

A

a muscle cell, has elongated shape

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4
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

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5
Q

what are myofilaments

A

Long protein fibers within a muscle cell

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6
Q

what is the organization of skeletal muscle

A
  1. muscle cell is called myofiber
  2. Myofiber contains bundles of Myofibrils
  3. Myofibril contains bundles of Myofilaments
  4. Myofilaments are long proteins, either
    >Myosin (Thick filament)
    >Actin (Thin filament)
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7
Q

what is the basic unit of contraction in a myofiber

A

sarcomere

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8
Q

actin filaments are attached to what protein fiber at each end

A

Z-disc

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9
Q

how do sarcomeres shorten

A

the actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments

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10
Q

what are the two components of sarcomere contraction

A
  1. Mechanical component

2. On/Off Switch component

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11
Q

what is the mechanical component of sarcomere contraction

A
  1. the Sliding Filament Theory- how a sarcomere shortens
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12
Q

what is the action of contraction

A

the sliding/pulling of actin (thin) filaments over myosin (thick) filaments

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13
Q

what are myosin globular heads

A

extensions, located at each end, off the main protein of the myosin filament

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14
Q

what is the function of the myosin globular head

A
  1. form cross-bridges (bonds) to the surrounding actin filaments
  2. used to slide (pull) actin towards center
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15
Q

myosin globular heads are what at the start of a contraction

A

in the “cocked” position ready to fire

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16
Q

what is the power stroke

A

the action of myosin globular heads pulling the actin towards center of sarcomere

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17
Q

what is needed to “cock” the heads of the myosin globular heads

A

ATP

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18
Q

what are the steps of the on/off switch component of contraction

A
  1. signal travels from brain along neurons to muscle
  2. signal reaches muscle at the motor neuron
  3. signal is transmitted across sarcolemma by acetylcholine
  4. acetylcholine cause calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum to enter sarcoplasm
  5. calcium in sarcoplasm allows cross bridge between actin & myosin globular head
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19
Q

what is the “switch”

A

process of calcium entering sarcoplasm that allows cross bridge between actin & myosin globular head to form

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20
Q

what are the two proteins that function as part of the “switch”

A
  1. troponin

2. tropomyosin

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21
Q

what is function of troponin

A

binds to calcium ions

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22
Q

what is function of tropomyosin

A

covers the cross bridge site on actin

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23
Q

what protein is linked to another protein to form a unit

A

troponin to tropomyosin

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24
Q

what is the function of calcium ions in contraction

A
  1. binds to troponin to cause it’s shape to change
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25
Q

what happens when troponin shape changes

A

it moves the tropomyosin to expose the cross bridging site on actin so that the myosin globular heads can bind to actin

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26
Q

what is the purpose of myosin globular heads to be cocked

A
  1. to be in postion to cross bridge with actin

2. stores necessary energy needed to slide actin

27
Q

the return of a sarcomere to its original length is called

A

relaxation

28
Q

what events need to happen for a sarcomere to relax

A
  1. signal from motor neuron must stop
  2. acetylcholine must be broken down
  3. calcium ions in sarcoplasm must reenter sarcoplasmic reticulum
29
Q

how is acetylcholine broken down

A
  1. enzyme found in sarcolemma called acetylcholinesterase converts acetylcholine into acetyl CoA & choline
30
Q

how are calcium ions moved back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

enzymes in SR use active transport to transport it from low to high concentration gradient

31
Q

when is ATP needed for muscles to contract

A
  1. to cock myosin globular heads
  2. to release myosin globular heads
  3. to move calcium ions back into SR
  4. to generate signals from motor neurons
32
Q

what allows skeletal muscle to have a constant supply of ATP

A
  1. stores its own glycogen
  2. has its own form of hemoglobin called myoglobin
  3. has an extensive blood supply
33
Q

what does oxygen debt refer to

A

the amount of oxygen needed to get rid of the lactic acid build up from anaerobic activity

34
Q

what are the factors that muscle fiber type is based on

A
  1. rate that sarcomere shortens

2. type of energy pathway used to make ATP

35
Q

what are the two classifications for muscle fibers based on rate of contraction

A
  1. fast twitch

2. slow twitch

36
Q

what are characteristics of slow twitch

A
  1. conserves ATP

2. found in muscles needed for endurance

37
Q

what are characteristics of fast twitch

A
  1. uses ATP quickly

2. found in muscles that provide fast, quick movements

38
Q

what are the classifications used to determine muscle fiber types by energy pathways

A
  1. glycolytic

2. oxidative

39
Q

how does the oxidative pathway produce ATP

A
  1. has multiple mitochondria
  2. is always aerobic
  3. uses glycolysis, citric acid, & electron transport to produce 38 ATP per glucose molecule
40
Q

how does the glycolytic pathway produce ATP

A
  1. has fewer mitochondria
  2. is always anaerobic
  3. uses only glycolysis to produce 2 ATPs & lactic acid per glucose molecule
41
Q

what are the types of muscle fibers & their classification

A
  1. type I (slow-twitch, oxidative)
  2. type II (fast-twitch, glycolytic)
  3. type II-a (fast-twitch, oxidative)
42
Q

describe type I fibers

A
  1. is slow-twitch & oxidative
  2. resistant to fatigue
  3. has multiple mitochondria
  4. has high level of myoglobin
  5. has extensive blood supply
    6 . referred to as red fibers
43
Q

describe type II fibers

A
  1. is fast-twitch & glycolytic
  2. fatigues easily
  3. has fewer mitochondria
  4. low level of myoglobin
  5. has less blood supply
  6. referred to as white fibers
44
Q

describe type IIa fibers

A
  1. is fast-twitch & oxidative
  2. intermediate/hybrid type of fibers
  3. resists fatigue
  4. more mitochondria
  5. moderate blood supply
  6. intermediate level of myoglobin
45
Q

when does whole muscle contraction occur

A
  1. when there is cross-bridging between actin & myosin

2. when there is tension/force being generated

46
Q

what are the types of muscle contractions

A
  1. isometric

2. isotonic

47
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A

muscles generate a force but sarcomeres don’t change length

48
Q

what is an isotonic contraction

A

muscles generate a force & sarcomeres do change length

49
Q

what are the two types of isotonic contraction & their movement

A
  1. eccentric-sarcomere lengthens

2. concentric-sarcomere shortens

50
Q

what is an origin

A

the immovable end of a muscle

51
Q

what is an insertion

A

the movable end of a muscle

52
Q

what is a prime mover

A

muscle primarily responsible for movement

53
Q

what is a synergists

A

muscle that assist the prime mover

54
Q

what is an antagonist

A

muscle that resists primer mover’s action and causes movement in the opposite direction

55
Q

skeletal muscles names are based on what

A
  1. size
  2. shape
  3. location
  4. action
  5. # of attachments
  6. direction of fibers
56
Q

what is flexion

A

angle decreases between bones on either side of a joint

57
Q

what is extension

A

angle increases between bones on either side of a joint

58
Q

what is abduction

A

moving a part away from midline

59
Q

what is adduction

A

moving a part towards midline

60
Q

what is rotation

A

moving a part around a axis

61
Q

what makes the foot a special structure

A

ankle joint allows movement both anteriorly & posteriorly

62
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

movement of the ankle to bring the toes closer to the tibia

63
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

movement of the ankle to bring heel closer to the tibia

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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