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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal volume of blood in adults

A

men - 5L

women- 4L

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2
Q

what is the composition of blood

A

cellular fraction- RBC, WBC, platelets

fluid fraction- plasma

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3
Q

what is a hematocrit

A

the percentage of RBC in blood

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4
Q

what should the hematocrit for a healthy adult be

A

~ 40% RBC
~1% WBC
~55% Plasma

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5
Q

what does someone’s level of hemoglobin determine

A

represent the oxygen carrying capacity of an individual RBC

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6
Q

what are the three general types of blood cells

A
  1. red blood cells (RBC)
  2. white blood cells (WBC)
  3. platelets
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7
Q

what are the origins of blood cells

A

develop in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells that divide in response to different growth factors

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of RBC

A
  • are called erythrocytes
  • have a biconcave shape
  • ~7.5µm
  • no nuclei when mature
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9
Q

why do RBCs have a biconcave shape

A
  • increases surface area
  • cell membrane is closer to hemoglobin
  • movies easier through capillaries
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10
Q

why do RBCs lose their nuclei

A
  • more room for hemoglobin
  • can’t divide
  • has limited life-span of 120 days
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11
Q

what is RBC count

A

number of RBCs in 1µL of blood

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12
Q

what is the mechanism of red blood cell production

A
  • erythropoietin secreted by kidney bc low O₂ level.
  • stem cells become erythroblast
  • erythroblast divide & mature into erythrocytes
  • erythrocytes enter blood for ~120 day cycle
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13
Q

what are the dietary factors need for proper RBC production

A
  • B₁₂ & folic acid for DNA synthesis

* Iron for hemoglobin synthesis

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14
Q

why do RBCs have a limited life span

A
  • are damaged as they pass through capillaries

* eventually rupture when passing through liver & spleen

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15
Q

what happens when RBCs finally rupture

A

hemoglobin broken down by macrophages in the heme and protein components

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16
Q

what happens to the heme components of hemoglobin after its broken down

A
  • iron is reused or stored in liver

* biliverdin is converted into bilirubin

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of WBCs

A
  • called leukocytes
  • functions to protect against disease/infections
  • develop from hemotopoietic stem cells
  • transported by blood to infection site
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18
Q

what are the hormones that stimulate hemotopoietic stem cells to become WBCs

A
  • interleukins

* colony stimulating factors

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19
Q

what are the two groups that categorize WBCs

A
  • granulocytes

* agranulocytes

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20
Q

what are the granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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21
Q

what are the agranulocytes

A
  • monocytes

* lymphocytes

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • aka polymorphonuclear neutrophils
  • nuclei has 2-5 lobes
  • has purple fine granules
  • has 3 granule types: specific, azurophils, tertiary
  • 1st to arrive at infection site
  • reps 54-62% of WBCs
  • function is phagocytosis
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23
Q

what are the characteristics of eosinophils

A
  • has deep red course granules
  • has 2 granule types: specific & azurophils
  • nuclei has only 2 lobes
  • reps 1-3% of WBCs
  • functions: fight allergic rxns, parasitic worms, & chronic inflammation
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24
Q

what are the characteristics of basophils

A
  • aka circulating mast cells
  • has deep blue course granules
  • has 2 granule types: specific & azurophils
  • nuclei has only a few lobes
  • reps 1-3% of WBCs
  • functions: migrate to damaged tissue, bind antibodies, promote increased blood flow
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25
Q

how do basophils promote increased blood flow

A

by releasing heparin, histamine, or leukotrienes

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of monocytes

A
  • largest blood cell
  • no visible granules but has lysosomes
  • has single kidney-shaped nuclei
  • reps 3-9% of WBCs
  • functions: leave blood & become macrophages, serve as antigen-presenting cells, and phagocytize
27
Q

what are the characteristics of lymphocytes

A
  • has no granules
  • smaller than RBCs
  • larger nuclei that mostly fills cytoplasm
  • reps 25-32% of WBCs
  • is functional cell of lymphatic & immune system
28
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Natural killer cells
29
Q

what are the primary functions of WBCs

A

to protect against disease/infection by:
•perform phagocytosis
•inflammation
•produce antibodies

30
Q

what is diapedesis

A

the movement of WBCs through walls of small blood vessels to circulate to infection site

31
Q

what is positive chemotaxis

A

when damaged cells release chemicals that attract WBCs

32
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins that are specific for & bind to foreign materials so that they can be eliminated

33
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

process where cells engulf damaged cells or foreign materials

34
Q

how does histamine promote inflammation

A
  • dilates small blood vessels & cause them to leak
  • dilation causes increased blood flow to area
  • swelling due to fluid leaking into interstitial space
35
Q

how does heparin promote inflammation

A
  • prevents blood from clotting

* allows blood flow in area to remain high

36
Q

what are the characteristics of platelets

A
  • aka thrombocytes
  • fragments of larger cells
  • stem cells stimulated by thrombopoietin to become megakaryocytes
  • megakaryocytes fragment and differentiate in lung to become platelets
37
Q

what is hematoposis

A

the formation of the cells found in the CT blood

38
Q

what is the monophyletic theory

A

all blood cells arise from a common stem cell called Pluripotential Stem Cell (PPSC)

39
Q

what are the colony forming units that arise from the pluriopotential stem cell (PPSC)

A
  1. multipotential myeloid stem cell

2. multipotential lymphoid stem cell

40
Q

what are the lineages of the multipotential myeloid stem cell colony forming unit

A
  1. erythroid CFU
  2. granulocyte-monocyte CFU
  3. eosinophil CFU
  4. basophil CFU
  5. megakaryocyte CFU
41
Q

what are the lineages of the multipotential lymphoid stem cell colony forming unit

A
  1. restricted T lymphocyte CFU

2. restricted B lymphocyte CFU

42
Q

what are the three main plasma proteins found in the blood

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
43
Q

what are the characteristics of albumin

A
  • Smallest plasma protein by Size
  • Comprise ~ 60% of all plasma proteins
  • Synthesized by the Liver
  • Aid in keeping water within the blood vessels
44
Q

what are the characteristics of globulins

A
  • comprise 36% of plasma proteins
  • consist of three types
  • functions as a carrier for certain hormones
45
Q

what are the types of globular proteins

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
46
Q

what are alpha globular proteins

A

proteins produced in the liver used to transport lipids & vitamins

47
Q

what are beta globular proteins

A

proteins produced in the liver used to transport lipids & vitamins

48
Q

what are gamma globular proteins

A

a type of antibody formed by B-lymphocytes

49
Q

what are the characteristics of fibrinogen

A
  • Largest of the plasma proteins by Size
  • Comprise ~4% of all the plasma proteins
  • Synthesized by the Liver
  • Aids in Blood Coagulation
  • Precursor to Fibrin
50
Q

what is fibrin

A

a major component in the formation of a blood clot

51
Q

what are the nutrients found in blood plasma

A
  • amino acids
  • simple sugars
  • lipids
  • nucleotides
52
Q

what is hemostatsis

A

the stoppage of bleeding

53
Q

what are the major mechanism of hemostatsis

A
  • Vessel spasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Blood coagulation (clot)
54
Q

what are the two types of coagulation mechanisms

A
  • intrinsic clotting mechanism

- extrinsic clotting mechanism

55
Q

how does the extrinsic clotting mechanism work

A
  • damaged tissue releases Tissue Thromboplastin
  • Thromboplastin causes platelets to produce & release Prothrombin Activator
  • Prothrombin is converted to Thrombin
  • Thrombin activates Fibrinogen
  • Fibrinogen is converted into Fibrin
  • Fibrin produces the clot
56
Q

how does the intrinsic clotting mechanism work

A
  • blood comes into contact with foreign substance
  • this activates Factor XII which activates Prothrombin
  • after which process is same as extrinsic
57
Q

what are ABO blood groups based on

A

the presence or absence of two types of antigens

58
Q

what are the types of antigens

A
  • antigen A
  • antigen B
  • O for none
59
Q

what are the possible antigen combinations

A
  • Only Antigen A
  • Only Antigen B
  • Both Antigen A & B
  • Neither Antigen A or B
60
Q

a person with Antigen A is what blood type

A

-type A

61
Q

a person with Antigen B is what blood type

A

-type B

62
Q

a person with both antigen A & B is what blood type

A

-type AB

63
Q

a person with neither antigen A or B is what blood type

A

-type O

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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