Blood Flashcards
1
Q
what is the normal volume of blood in adults
A
men - 5L
women- 4L
2
Q
what is the composition of blood
A
cellular fraction- RBC, WBC, platelets
fluid fraction- plasma
3
Q
what is a hematocrit
A
the percentage of RBC in blood
4
Q
what should the hematocrit for a healthy adult be
A
~ 40% RBC
~1% WBC
~55% Plasma
5
Q
what does someone’s level of hemoglobin determine
A
represent the oxygen carrying capacity of an individual RBC
6
Q
what are the three general types of blood cells
A
- red blood cells (RBC)
- white blood cells (WBC)
- platelets
7
Q
what are the origins of blood cells
A
develop in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells that divide in response to different growth factors
8
Q
what are the characteristics of RBC
A
- are called erythrocytes
- have a biconcave shape
- ~7.5µm
- no nuclei when mature
9
Q
why do RBCs have a biconcave shape
A
- increases surface area
- cell membrane is closer to hemoglobin
- movies easier through capillaries
10
Q
why do RBCs lose their nuclei
A
- more room for hemoglobin
- can’t divide
- has limited life-span of 120 days
11
Q
what is RBC count
A
number of RBCs in 1µL of blood
12
Q
what is the mechanism of red blood cell production
A
- erythropoietin secreted by kidney bc low O₂ level.
- stem cells become erythroblast
- erythroblast divide & mature into erythrocytes
- erythrocytes enter blood for ~120 day cycle
13
Q
what are the dietary factors need for proper RBC production
A
- B₁₂ & folic acid for DNA synthesis
* Iron for hemoglobin synthesis
14
Q
why do RBCs have a limited life span
A
- are damaged as they pass through capillaries
* eventually rupture when passing through liver & spleen
15
Q
what happens when RBCs finally rupture
A
hemoglobin broken down by macrophages in the heme and protein components
16
Q
what happens to the heme components of hemoglobin after its broken down
A
- iron is reused or stored in liver
* biliverdin is converted into bilirubin
17
Q
what are the characteristics of WBCs
A
- called leukocytes
- functions to protect against disease/infections
- develop from hemotopoietic stem cells
- transported by blood to infection site
18
Q
what are the hormones that stimulate hemotopoietic stem cells to become WBCs
A
- interleukins
* colony stimulating factors
19
Q
what are the two groups that categorize WBCs
A
- granulocytes
* agranulocytes
20
Q
what are the granulocytes
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
21
Q
what are the agranulocytes
A
- monocytes
* lymphocytes
22
Q
what are the characteristics of neutrophils
A
- aka polymorphonuclear neutrophils
- nuclei has 2-5 lobes
- has purple fine granules
- has 3 granule types: specific, azurophils, tertiary
- 1st to arrive at infection site
- reps 54-62% of WBCs
- function is phagocytosis
23
Q
what are the characteristics of eosinophils
A
- has deep red course granules
- has 2 granule types: specific & azurophils
- nuclei has only 2 lobes
- reps 1-3% of WBCs
- functions: fight allergic rxns, parasitic worms, & chronic inflammation
24
Q
what are the characteristics of basophils
A
- aka circulating mast cells
- has deep blue course granules
- has 2 granule types: specific & azurophils
- nuclei has only a few lobes
- reps 1-3% of WBCs
- functions: migrate to damaged tissue, bind antibodies, promote increased blood flow
25
how do basophils promote increased blood flow
by releasing heparin, histamine, or leukotrienes
26
what are the characteristics of monocytes
* largest blood cell
* no visible granules but has lysosomes
* has single kidney-shaped nuclei
* reps 3-9% of WBCs
* functions: leave blood & become macrophages, serve as antigen-presenting cells, and phagocytize
27
what are the characteristics of lymphocytes
* has no granules
* smaller than RBCs
* larger nuclei that mostly fills cytoplasm
* reps 25-32% of WBCs
* is functional cell of lymphatic & immune system
28
what are the three types of lymphocytes
* T cells
* B cells
* Natural killer cells
29
what are the primary functions of WBCs
to protect against disease/infection by:
•perform phagocytosis
•inflammation
•produce antibodies
30
what is diapedesis
the movement of WBCs through walls of small blood vessels to circulate to infection site
31
what is positive chemotaxis
when damaged cells release chemicals that attract WBCs
32
what are antibodies
proteins that are specific for & bind to foreign materials so that they can be eliminated
33
what is phagocytosis
process where cells engulf damaged cells or foreign materials
34
how does histamine promote inflammation
* dilates small blood vessels & cause them to leak
* dilation causes increased blood flow to area
* swelling due to fluid leaking into interstitial space
35
how does heparin promote inflammation
* prevents blood from clotting
| * allows blood flow in area to remain high
36
what are the characteristics of platelets
* aka thrombocytes
* fragments of larger cells
* stem cells stimulated by thrombopoietin to become megakaryocytes
* megakaryocytes fragment and differentiate in lung to become platelets
37
what is hematoposis
the formation of the cells found in the CT blood
38
what is the monophyletic theory
all blood cells arise from a common stem cell called Pluripotential Stem Cell (PPSC)
39
what are the colony forming units that arise from the pluriopotential stem cell (PPSC)
1. multipotential myeloid stem cell
| 2. multipotential lymphoid stem cell
40
what are the lineages of the multipotential myeloid stem cell colony forming unit
1. erythroid CFU
2. granulocyte-monocyte CFU
3. eosinophil CFU
4. basophil CFU
5. megakaryocyte CFU
41
what are the lineages of the multipotential lymphoid stem cell colony forming unit
1. restricted T lymphocyte CFU
| 2. restricted B lymphocyte CFU
42
what are the three main plasma proteins found in the blood
* albumin
* globulins
* fibrinogen
43
what are the characteristics of albumin
- Smallest plasma protein by Size
- Comprise ~ 60% of all plasma proteins
- Synthesized by the Liver
- Aid in keeping water within the blood vessels
44
what are the characteristics of globulins
- comprise 36% of plasma proteins
- consist of three types
- functions as a carrier for certain hormones
45
what are the types of globular proteins
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
46
what are alpha globular proteins
proteins produced in the liver used to transport lipids & vitamins
47
what are beta globular proteins
proteins produced in the liver used to transport lipids & vitamins
48
what are gamma globular proteins
a type of antibody formed by B-lymphocytes
49
what are the characteristics of fibrinogen
- Largest of the plasma proteins by Size
- Comprise ~4% of all the plasma proteins
- Synthesized by the Liver
- Aids in Blood Coagulation
- Precursor to Fibrin
50
what is fibrin
a major component in the formation of a blood clot
51
what are the nutrients found in blood plasma
- amino acids
- simple sugars
- lipids
- nucleotides
52
what is hemostatsis
the stoppage of bleeding
53
what are the major mechanism of hemostatsis
- Vessel spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Blood coagulation (clot)
54
what are the two types of coagulation mechanisms
- intrinsic clotting mechanism
| - extrinsic clotting mechanism
55
how does the extrinsic clotting mechanism work
- damaged tissue releases Tissue Thromboplastin
- Thromboplastin causes platelets to produce & release Prothrombin Activator
- Prothrombin is converted to Thrombin
- Thrombin activates Fibrinogen
- Fibrinogen is converted into Fibrin
- Fibrin produces the clot
56
how does the intrinsic clotting mechanism work
- blood comes into contact with foreign substance
- this activates Factor XII which activates Prothrombin
- after which process is same as extrinsic
57
what are ABO blood groups based on
the presence or absence of two types of antigens
58
what are the types of antigens
- antigen A
- antigen B
- O for none
59
what are the possible antigen combinations
- Only Antigen A
- Only Antigen B
- Both Antigen A & B
- Neither Antigen A or B
60
a person with Antigen A is what blood type
-type A
61
a person with Antigen B is what blood type
-type B
62
a person with both antigen A & B is what blood type
-type AB
63
a person with neither antigen A or B is what blood type
-type O
