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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the organization of the nervous system

A
  1. central nervous system

2. peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what are the divisions of the central nervous system

A
  1. brain
  2. brainstem
  3. spinal cord
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3
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. somatic nerves (cranial & spinal)

2. autonomic nerves

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4
Q

how are neurons classified

A
  1. physiological

2. anatomical

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5
Q

what are the physiological neurons

A
  1. efferent (away)
  2. afferent (towards)
  3. interneurons (between)
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6
Q

what are the anatomical neurons

A
  1. bipolar
  2. unipolar
  3. multipolar
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7
Q

what are the general functions of the nervous system

A
  1. gather info
  2. transmit info
  3. interpret info
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8
Q

what is an action potential

A

a wave of electrochemical activity that allows a neuron to carry a signal over a distance

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9
Q

where do action potential occur

A

only in the axons of neurons

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10
Q

what are the steps of an action potential

A
  1. stimulus contacts neuron dendrite
  2. Na+ channels open & Na+ ions diffuse inside neuron which turns inside polarity positive
  3. K+ channels open & K+ ions diffuse out out of neuron to turn charge inside neuron negative again
  4. charge inside neuron is negative due to wrong ions
  5. neuron goes through refractory period where Na+/K+ restores proper ion concentration inside neuron
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11
Q

how does the structure of a neuron aid action potential

A
  1. APs move from one un-myelinated gap to the next called Node of Ranvier
  2. once AP leaves Node of Ranvier it goes through a Refractory Period & can’t generate another AP
  3. this process allows APs to only travel one direction
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12
Q

what are the structures in neuron to neuron connections

A
  1. Pre-synaptic (1st) neuron - before synapse

2. Post-synaptic (2nd) neuron - after synapse

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13
Q

what is signal transmission

A

a signal transfer between neurons

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14
Q

how does a signal transmission occur

A
  1. signal impulses causes pre-synaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters into synaptic gap
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15
Q

what are neurotransmitters synthesized from

A
  1. products of metabolism
  2. modified amino acid
  3. unmodified amino acid
  4. peptides
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16
Q

what are neurotransmitters from products of metabolism

A

acetycholine

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17
Q

what are neurotransmitters from modified amino acid

A
  1. serotonin

2. catecholamines

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18
Q

what are neurotransmitters from unmodified amino acid

A
  1. glycine

2. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)

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19
Q

what are the general characteristics of the brain

A
  1. composed of white matter- neuronal axon with myelinated sheaths
  2. composed of grey matter- neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
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20
Q

what are the structures of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum

2. cerebellum

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21
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
  5. insula
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22
Q

where is the sensory cortex located

A

in the post-central sulcus located in the most anterior portion of the parietal lobes

23
Q

where is the motor cortex located

A

in the pre-central sulcus located in the most posterior portion of the frontal lobe

24
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A
  1. coordinates and smoothes out muscle movements initiated by the motor cortex of the cerebrum
  2. regulates posture and balance
25
Q

what is in the diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

26
Q

what does the thalamus do

A
  1. acts as a relay station that directs impulses from body to the sensory cortex
  2. directs impulses from spinal cord & brainstem
27
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A
  1. regulates body homeostasis
  2. includes: primary controller of pituitary gland, temperature control, thirst control, water/electrolyte control thru kidney
28
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
29
Q

what are the main functions of the midbrain

A
  1. contains nuclei for:
    a. movement of eye
    b. movement of head/neck to visual
    stimuli
    c. contains substantia nigra-releases
    dopamine
30
Q

what are the main functions of the pons

A
  1. relay for voluntary movement

2. helps regulate breathing

31
Q

what are the main functions of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. contains all the sensory/motor tracts (axons) between spinal cord & other parts of brain
  2. contains nuclei for cardiovascular & respiratory centers
32
Q

whats is the organization of the spinal cord

A
  1. central area is grey matter
  2. peripheral area is white matter
  3. tracts (where neurons run)
33
Q

what are the components of the spinal nerve

A
  1. ascending tracts for afferent neurons (sensory axons to brain)
  2. descending tracts for efferent neurons (motor axons to muscles)
34
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

35
Q

where do the cranial nerves originate

A
  1. brain (I & II)

2. brainstem (III & XII)

36
Q

what are the cranial nerves

A

I. Olfactory (sensory/smell)
II. Optic (sensory/vision)
VII. Facial (mixed: sensory/taste, motor/facial muscles)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (sensory/hearing-balance)
X. Vagus (mixed: sensory & motor/thoracic-abdominal structures)
XII. Hypoglossal (mixed, but 10 motor to the tongue)

37
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. sympathetic (fight or flight)

2. parasympathetic (prepares body for rest/digesting activities)

38
Q

what neurotransmitter does the sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves use

A
  1. sympathetic uses epinephrine/norepinephrine

2. parasympathetic uses acetycholine

39
Q

what is a sensation

A

occurs when the brain becomes aware of a sensory impulse

40
Q

what is a perception

A

occurs when the brain interprets a sensory impulse

41
Q

What determines the intensity of a perceived stimulus

A

the rate of the impulses reaching the brain (higher the rate the more intense)

42
Q

what is an adaptive response

A

after a stimulus is constantly applied over a period of time the receptors adapts to it

43
Q

what are the types of receptor adaptors

A
  1. phasic adaptors (adapts quickly)

2. tonic adaptors (adapts slowly/not at all)

44
Q

what are the types of receptors and what do they respond to

A
  1. chemoreceptors-changes in chemical substances
  2. nocireceptors-tissue damage
  3. photoreceptors-light energy
  4. thermoreceptors-changes in temperature
  5. mechanoreceptors-pressure/postions
45
Q

what are the major types of general senses & where they are found

A
  1. exteroreceptive senses (body surfaces)

2. visceroreceptive senses (viscera organs)

46
Q

what are the special senses

A
  1. smell
  2. taste
  3. hearing
  4. equilibrium
  5. sight
47
Q

What are the main structures found in each Section of the Ear?

A
  • outer ear: external membrane to tympanic membrane
  • middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes
  • inner ear: cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
48
Q

what is the mechanisms of hearing

A
  1. Sound waves enter External ear
  2. Sound pressures cause tympanic membrane to produce vibrations
  3. Auditory ossicles amplify and transmit vibrations to the Cochlea
  4. Specialized receptor cells (hair cells) in the Cochlea respond to different frequencies of vibrations
  5. Hair cells respond by releasing neurotransmitters
  6. Neurotransmitters stimulate sensory neurons in Cranial nerve VIII
  7. Impulses travel along Cranial nerve VIII to the Auditory cortex in the Temporal lobe for interpretation
49
Q

what are the two types of equilibrium

A
  1. static

2. dynamic

50
Q

what structure is responsible for static equilibrium

A

the vestibule

51
Q

what structure is responsible for dynamic equilibrium

A

the semicircular canals

52
Q

What are the main components of each layer of the eye

A

outer layer: cornea & sclera
middle layer: ciliary body & iris
inner layer: retina

53
Q

what are the main facts about rods

A
  1. have long, thin projections at their terminal ends
  2. retina contains about 100 million
  3. contains light sensitive visual pigments
  4. more sensitive to light than cones
  5. produce colorless visions
  6. differentiates: dim vs bright light
54
Q

what are the main facts about cones

A
  1. have short, blunt projections at their terminal ends
  2. retina contains bout 3 million
  3. produces sharp images
  4. gives color to vision
  5. there are 3 sets based on color: red, green, blue

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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