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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the characteristics of the integumentary system

A
  1. multiple layers
  2. maintains homeostasis
  3. provides a protective covering
  4. contains immune system cells
  5. has sensory receptors
  6. retards water loss by diffusion
  7. synthesizes chemicals
  8. excretes small amounts of water
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2
Q

what are the layers of skin in the integumentary system

A
  1. epidermis-outer layer
  2. dermis-inner layer
  3. subcutaneous layer
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3
Q

what are characteristics of the epidermis

A
  1. made of stratified squamous
  2. lacks blood vessels
  3. contains large amounts of keratin
  4. thickness varies by location
  5. contains melanocytes
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4
Q

the deepest layer of epidermis where rapid cell division takes place is called

A

stratum basale

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5
Q

superficial layer of epidermis where cell loss happens is called

A

stratum corneum

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6
Q

what is the purpose of keratin

A

to toughen and waterproof cells

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7
Q

where is keratin found

A

in the very outer layers of the stratified squamous epithelium or the stratum corneum

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8
Q

what is a characteristic of healthy skin

A

cell production equals cell loss

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9
Q

what is melanin

A
  1. protein with a very dark color
  2. produced by melanocytes found along basement membrane
  3. absorbs light
  4. functions to prevent damage, mostly from UV light
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10
Q

what are characteristics of the dermis

A
  1. binds epidermis to underlying tissues
  2. composed of irregular dense CT
  3. contains muscle fibers
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11
Q

what structures are located in the dermis

A
  1. nerve cell receptors
  2. blood vessels
  3. hair follicles
  4. glands
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12
Q

characteristics of subcutaneous layer

A
  1. also called hypodermis
  2. not actually apart of skin
  3. composed of loose & adipose CT
  4. contains major blood vessels
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13
Q

what are functions of the subcutaneous layer

A
  1. insulate the body

2. connect skin to underlying structures

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14
Q

what structures are found in the skin

A
  1. hair follicles
  2. nails
  3. sebaceous glands
  4. sweat glands
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15
Q

what epidermal cell forms hair follicles

A

stratified squamous

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16
Q

what type of depression does a hair follicle make

A

tube-like

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17
Q

what are the parts of a hair follicle

A
  1. hair root

2. hair shaft

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18
Q

what is the composition of hair

A
  1. tightly packed dead epidermal cells

2. melanin that imparts color

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19
Q

what are the associated structures of hair follicles

A
  1. Arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle)

2. Sebaceous glands

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20
Q

what is the function of nails

A

protects the most distal phalanges which can be easily damaged

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21
Q

what are the components of the nail

A
  1. nail plate
  2. nail bed
  3. lunula
22
Q

what is the function of the nail plate

A

covers underlying skin

23
Q

what is the nail bed

A

specialized epithelial cells that are continuous with the epidermis of the skin

24
Q

what is the lunula

A

most active growing region of the nail, where cells divide and become keratinized

25
Q

what are the characteristics of sebaceous glands

A
  1. usually associated with hair follicle
  2. is a holocrine gland
  3. secretes sebum
  4. are absent on palms & soles
26
Q

what is a holocrine gland

A

a secretory gland where cells of the gland ruptures to release secretion

27
Q

what is sebum

A

an oily secretion and cellular debris that coats hair

28
Q

what are the types of sweat glands

A
  1. Eccrine
  2. Apocrine
  3. Ceruminous
29
Q

what are the characteristics of the eccrine gland

A
  1. located in the dermis
  2. is the most common gland
  3. ducts open to surface
  4. helps with temperature regulation
30
Q

what are the characteristics of the apocrine gland

A
  1. located in the dermis and subcutaneous layer
  2. opens to hair follicle
  3. found on: axilla (armpit), groin, face
  4. believed to secrete pheromones
31
Q

what are the characteristics of the ceruminous gland

A
  1. found in the ear
  2. opens into ear canal
  3. secretion combines with sebum from a hair follicle to form a “waxy” secretion for protection
32
Q

what are the mechanisms of sweat for body temperature regulation

A
  1. body temperature exceeds set point
  2. sweat forms & is evaporated into air
  3. evaporation of the sweat cools the skin
  4. cooled blood circulates back into the main circulation to maintain an acceptable internal temperature
33
Q

what is the major method of heat loss

A

evaporation of sweat

34
Q

what problems can be caused by water & electrolyte loss

A
  1. muscle cramps
  2. cardiac arrhythmias
  3. neuron dysfunction
35
Q

examples of neuron dysfunction caused by water & electrolyte loss

A
  1. loss of control to organs/structures

2. altered mental status

36
Q

what are factors that affect skin color

A
  1. genetics
  2. environmental
  3. physiological
37
Q

what are environmental factors that affect skin color

A
  1. sunlight
  2. UV rays
  3. X-rays
38
Q

how do environmental factors affect skin color

A
  1. darkening of existing melanin

2. stimulation of melanocytes to produce more melanin

39
Q

how does physiological factors affect skin color

A
  1. dilation of dermal blood vessels
  2. constriction of dermal blood vessels
  3. accumulation of carotene
  4. Jaundice
40
Q

first degree burns affects what

A

epidermis (superficial, partial-thickness)

41
Q

second degree burns affects what

A

epidermis & dermis (deep, partial-thickness)

42
Q

third degree burns affects what

A

epidermis, dermis, & subcutaneous (full-thickness)

43
Q

what are the types of skin cancer

A
  1. Basal Cell Carcinomas~78%
  2. Squamous Cell Carcinomas~20%
  3. Malignant Melanomas~2%
44
Q

characteristics of basal cell carcinomas

A
  • arise from stratum basale

- rarely metastasizes

45
Q

characteristics of squamous cell carcinomas

A
  • arise from squamous cells of epidermis

- has a variable rate of metastasis

46
Q

characteristics of malignant melanomas

A
  • arise from melanocytes
  • metastasizes quickly
  • has high rate of mortality
47
Q

what are genetic factors that affect skin color

A
  • varying amount of melanin in cells
  • varying size of melanin granules
  • lack of melanin (albinism)
48
Q

what are the four layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Corneum
49
Q

what is the possible 5th layer of epidermis found in thick skin

A

• Stratum Lucidum

50
Q

what are the sensory receptors found in the dermis

A
  • Ruffini
  • Krause corpuscle
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Meissner corpuscle
  • Free nerve endings

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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