Muscles & Tendons

Question 1

What are the types of muscles

Answer 1

• Skeletal muscle
• smooth muscles
• cardiac muscles

Question 2

skeletal muscles

Answer 2

produces joint movement and support

Question 3

smooth muscles

Answer 3

organs and blood vessels

Question 4

cardiac muscles

Answer 4

heart muscles

Question 5

what is the structure of muscles

Answer 5

muscle belly>bundle of muscle fiber (fasciculus)>single muscle fiber>myofibrils>sarcomere

Question 6

what structure provides movement for myofibrils and how do they move

Answer 6

the sarcomere (shorten and lengthen themselves)

Question 7

fascia

Answer 7

connective tissue that surrounds organs, muscles, bones, vessels, and nerves within the body (will change shape depending on the placement of the tissue)
can respond to stress

Question 8

whats the role of fascia

Answer 8

to support, separate, reduce friction between, and interconnect structures of the body

Question 9

what does the fascia form

Answer 9

forms intermuscular septa (muscle separators) that compartmentalize muscles and support nerves

Question 10

tendons

Answer 10

connect between muscles and bones
- muscles have a tendon at each end

Question 11

ligaments

Answer 11

connect between bones

Question 12

true or false:
the fascia of tendons do not blend into the tendon structure

Answer 12

false
the fascia of tendons do blend into the tendon structure

Question 13

true or false:
the tissues of the tendon do not interweave with the fiber of the bone

Answer 13

false
the tissues of the tendon do interweave with the fibers of the bone

Question 14

true or false:
the ligament fibers interweave into bone fibers at either end

Answer 14

true

Question 15

origin

Answer 15

• where a muscle’s tendon joins a relatively stable skeletal structure
• usually is the proximal or the closest to the midline

Question 16

insertion

Answer 16

• the point where the distal muscle tendon attaches to the moving bone
• opposite to the origin

Question 17

what’s the function of the muscle

Answer 17

when the muscle moves its insertion towards its origin

Question 18

concentric

Answer 18

muscle shortening causes joint movement

Question 19

eccentric

Answer 19

muscle lengthens while still developing tension

Question 20

isometric

Answer 20

muscle length does not change but keeping tension through the muscle

Question 21

which is concentric, eccentric, and isometric in a squat

Question 22

joint action

Answer 22

the movement that occurs at the joint itself
(flexion/extension)

Question 23

muscle action

Answer 23

the muscle contraction that is occurring
(concentric, eccentric, isometric)

Question 24

agonist muscles

Answer 24

the main muscle in the movement

Question 25

antagonist muscle

Answer 25

the muscle that opposes the movement

Question 26

synergist muscle

Answer 26

helps apply the movement by creating a supplemental force

Question 27

fixator muscle

Answer 27

the muscles that help stabilize the body in a movement
- minimizes any extra movement

Question 28

how can muscles be differentiated

Answer 28

by their fiber orientation and shape

Question 29

what can determine the muscles function

Answer 29

placement of origin and insertion

Question 30

fascicles

Answer 30

a bundle of muscle fibers

Question 31

what are the muscle shapes

Answer 31

• parallel
• pennate
• convergent
• circular

Question 32

how to determine a parallel muscle

Answer 32

fascicles run parallel to one another

Question 33

what the types of parallel muscles

Answer 33

• parallel non-fusiform (strap muscles)
• parallel fusiform

Question 34

parallel non-fusiform

Answer 34

muscles that have a consistent diameter throughout

Question 35

parallel fusiform

Answer 35

muscles mid belly has the largest diameter the tapers at both ends

Question 36

how to determine pennate muscles

Answer 36

the tendon runs the length of the muscle and fascicles pull on the tendon at varying angles

Question 37

unipennate

Answer 37

all fascicles are on the same side of the tendon

Question 38

bipennate

Answer 38

fascicles lie on either side of the tendon

Question 39

multipennate

Answer 39

if the central tendon splits/more than one central tendon with pennation. (multiple muscles)

Question 40

can parallel or pennate muscles undergo quicker muscle contractions, and why

Answer 40

• parallel muscles can undergo quicker muscle contractions than pennate muscles
• because parallel muscles pull longer along the axis of the muscle, while pennate pulls at an angle

Question 41

can parallel or pennate muscles generate greater force, and why

Answer 41

• pennate muscles can generate greater force than parallel muscles
• because they have a greater number of fascicles per unit area

Question 42

how to determine convergent muscles

Answer 42

they are triangular-shaped muscles with a common point of attachment
(not all fascicles run parallel to each other)

Question 43

how to determine circular muscles

Answer 43

fascicles are orientated concentrically around an opening. Muscle contraction shrinks the opening while relaxing widens it

Question 44

state the following for the biceps brachii (two heads):
- origin
- insertion
- function

Answer 44

origin:
- long head: superior glenoid
- short head: coracoid process (scapula)
insertion:
- anterior, proximal radius
function: elbow flexion

Question 45

state the following for the triceps brachii (three heads):
- origin
- insertion
- function

Answer 45

origin:
- long head: inferior glenoid
- medial head: posteromedial humerus
- lateral head: posterolateral humerus
insertion:
- olecranon
function: elbow extension

Question 46

state the following for the tibialis anterior:
- origin
- insertion
- function

Answer 46

origin:
- anterolateral tibial surface
insertion:
- dorsal surface of foot
function: dorsiflexion

Question 47

state the following for the gastrocnemius (two heads):
- origin
- insertion
- function

Answer 47

origin:
- medial head: posteromedial femoral condyle
- lateral head: posterolateral femoral condyle
insertion:
- posterior calcaneus
function: plantar flexion