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Anatomy UE Questions > Muscles of the shoulder region > Flashcards

Muscles of the shoulder region Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of muscles in the shoulder?

A

Extrinsic & Intrinsic

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2
Q

Where do extrinsic muscles originate/attach in the shoulder?

A

Originate from the trunk and attach to the shoulder (clavicle, scapula, or humerus)
*2 groups: anterior and posterior extrinsic muscles

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3
Q

Where do the intrinsic muscles originate/attach in the shoulder?

A

Originate from the scapula and/or clavicle and attach to the humerus

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4
Q

Which muscles are anterior extrinsic muscles?

A

-Pec major
-Pec minor
-Subclavius
-Serratus anterior

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5
Q

Which muscles are posterior extrinsic muscles?

A

-Trapezius
-Latissimus dorsi
-Rhomboids
-Levator scapula

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6
Q

Which muscles are intrinsic muscles?

A

-Deltoid
-Teres major
-Rotator cuff muscles: supraspinous, infraspinatus, teres minor, sub scapularis

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7
Q

What are the attachments of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Attaches from sternum/clavicle to the lateral lip of the bicipital groove in the humerus

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8
Q

What is the innervation of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves

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9
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Actions: extend, adduct and medially rotate the humerus AKA: handcuff position (hands behind the back, adducted and rotated)

*works together with the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and pec minor for this action
*also assists in flexion of humerus

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10
Q

What are the attachments for the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Attaches from the coracoid process of the scapula to ribs 3-5

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

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12
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Actions: protract & depress scapula

*along with serratus anterior, stabilizes scapula against the rib cage (scapulothoracic joint is not a true joint, so the muscles do most of the anchoring here)

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13
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)?

A

Poor posture, cervical rib/scalene hypertrophy, or other trauma can shorten and tighten the pec minor muscles
-will compress brachial plexus and axillary artery which are passing underneath

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14
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)?

A

Compression of the brachial plexus/axillary artery can cause:

Neurological symptoms (nerve compression)
-sensory: paresthesia, burning of upper extremity
-motor: upper extremity weakness

Vasculature symptoms (artery compression)
-cold intolerance

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15
Q

What is the location of the subclavius muscle?

A

Sits just beneath the clavicle

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16
Q

What is the innervation of the subclavius muscle?

A

Nerve to subclavius

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17
Q

What are the actions of the subclavius muscle?

A

Actions: stabilizes/depresses clavicle
*in cases of trauma (i.e. clavicle fracture) the subclavius spasms to keep the clavicle from moving/protect underlying structures (brachial plexus, arteries)

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18
Q

What are the attachments of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

Attach from the medial scapula and wrap around to anchor onto ribs 1-9

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19
Q

What is the innervation of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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20
Q

What are the actions of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

Actions: protracts scapula
works with pec minor for protraction
& upward rotation of scapula
works with upper and lower trap for upward rotation - combination of these muscle movements allows the scapula to rotate up/point upward for reaching with the arm

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21
Q

What is long thoracic nerve palsy?

A

The long thoracic nerve becomes stretched or compressed, leading to impairment
-causes paralysis/weakness of serratus anterior, which this nerve innervates

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22
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of long thoracic nerve palsy?

A

paralysis and weakness of the serratus anterior muscle due to nerve damage will present as:

-“Winging of scapula” (scapula cannot stay snug against the rib cage)

-Inability to reach above shoulder height (scapula cannot properly rotate upward)

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23
Q

What are the regions of the trapezius?

A

Upper trap, mid trap, lower trap

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24
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezius?

A

Runs down the occiput, nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T12 and attaches to the spine of the scapula and acromion, wraps around to land on the clavicle

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25
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius?

A

CN 11

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26
Q

What actions are the upper, middle, and lower trapezius responsible for?

A

-Upper trap/Lower trap: upward rotation of scapula

-Mid trap: retracts scapula

27
Q

Which three muscles work together/combine actions to produce upward rotation of the scapula?

A

Serratus anterior, Upper trap, Lower trap

28
Q

What are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Runs down the of the lower T-spine, the thoracolumbar fascia and the iliac crest and lands on the floor of the bicipital groove of the humerus
*lands right next to the pec major attachment (has a similar function)

29
Q

What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

30
Q

What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Similar function to pec major and teres major
-extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus AKA handcuff position (behind the back)

31
Q

Which three muscles are responsible for the handcuff position (extension, adduction, medial rotation)?

A

-Latissimus dorsi
-Pec major
-Teres major

32
Q

What are the attachments of the Rhomboids?

A

Run down the medial border of the scapula and attaches to the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T5

33
Q

What is the innervation of the Rhomboids?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve
(pops out of the cervical spine, plugs into the levator scapula, and then continues on to plug into the rhomboids)

34
Q

What is the action of the Rhomboids?

A

Retract the scapula

35
Q

What are the attachments of the levator scapula muscle?

A

Runs down the medial border of the scapula and attaches to the TRANSVERSE PROCESSES of C1-C4

36
Q

What is the innervation of the levator scapula muscle?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve
*same as rhomboids

37
Q

What are the actions of the levator scapula muscle?

A

-Scapula movement: elevates scapula (while keeping the head still)
-Neck movements: lateral flex (side bend) and rotate to the same side (while keeping the shoulder still)

38
Q

What four muscles make up the “rotator cuff” muscles?

A

-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres minor
-Subscapularis

39
Q

What are the attachments of the deltoid?

A

“Shoulder muscle”
Run on the spine of the scapula, acromion, and the clavicle and attach to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

40
Q

What is the innervation of the deltoid

A

Axillary nerve (pops out and plugs into the deltoid)

41
Q

What is the action of the deltoid?

A

Abduct the humerus (raising arm up from the side/away from body)

42
Q

What are the attachments for the teres major muscle?

A

Attaches from the inferior angle of the scapula and attaches to the medial lip of the bicipital groove in the humerus
*right near the attachment for the lats and pec major
lats- bicipital floor
pec major- lateral lip of bicipital

43
Q

What is the teres major muscle innervated by?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

44
Q

What are the actions of the teres major muscle?

A

*Similar to the pec major and lats

-Extend, adduct, and medially rotate the humerus
-Works along with the pec major and lats to create the handcuff position (hands behind back)

45
Q

What are the attachments of the supraspinatus?

A

Anchors onto the bony area of the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and continues to land on the greater tuberosity of the humerus

(Supraspinous fossa and GT of humerus)

*goes through subacromial space to get to GT (travels under acromion)

46
Q

What is the innervation of the supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve
(from cervical spine)

47
Q

The supraspinatus muscle is responsible for what actions?

A

Abduction of humerus (away from midline) and stabilization of humerus in the glenoid fossa (along with other rotator cuff muscles)

48
Q

What are the attachments of the infraspinatus?

A

Anchors onto the bony area of the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and continues to land on the greater tuberosity of the humerus

(infraspinous fossa and GT of humerus)

49
Q

What is the innervation of the infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

50
Q

What are the actions of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

External (lateral) rotation of the humerus and stabilization of humerus in the glenoid fossa (along with other rotator cuff muscles)

51
Q

What are the attachments of the teres minor muscle?

A

Runs along the lateral border of the scapula and attaches to the greater tuberosity of the humerus
(lateral border of scapula and GT of humerus)

52
Q

What is the innervation of the teres minor muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

53
Q

What are the actions of the teres minor muscle?

A

External (lateral) rotation of the humerus and stabilization of humerus in the glenoid fossa (along with other rotator cuff muscles)

*Similar to the infraspinatous muscle actions, these muscles work together

54
Q

What are the attachments of the subscapularis?

A

Anchors off of the subscapular fossa of the scapula (back of scapula) and attaches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

(Subscapular fossa and LT of humerus)

55
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle is the only one of the group that anchors onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus (instead of the greater tubercle)?

A

Subscapularis

56
Q

What is the innervation of the subscapularis?

A

The upper and lower subscapular nerves (coming off the brachial plexus)

57
Q

What are the actions of the subscapularis?

A

Internal (medial) rotation of the humerus and stabilization of humerus in the glenoid fossa (along with other rotator cuff muscles)

58
Q

What is torn in a rotator cuff tear?

A

The rotator cuff tendon that is landing on the head of the humerus

59
Q

What is the most common rotator cuff tear?

A

Supraspinatus tendon

60
Q

How many people in the US visit their doctor for rotator cuff pain?

A

2 million

61
Q

What amount of rotator cuff tears are treated successfully with conservative treatment?

A

80%

62
Q

What amount of rotator cuff tears are treated surgically?

A

20% (if tear is more significant or does not respond to conservative treatment)
*surgery is minimally invasive

63
Q

What are the conservative treatments available for rotator cuff tears?

A

Physical therapy, activity modification, NSAIDs, steroid injections, topical agents, massage/acupuncture

64
Q

What are the physical exam procedures for rotator cuff tears?

A

-contract it
-stretch it
-push on it
(If these provoke pain, will be consistent with a tear)

Anatomy UE Questions (21 decks)

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