Joints of distal UE Flashcards
What muscles are responsible for flexion of the elbow?
Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis
(bend elbow up toward shoulders)
What muscles are responsible for extension of the elbow?
Triceps
(straightening/ bringing elbow back down)
What are the two articulations of the elbow joint?
The humero-ulnar and humero-radial articulations
What makes up the humero-ulnar articulation of the elbow?
Formed between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna
What makes up the humero-radial articulation of the elbow?
Formed between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius
What ligaments stabilize the elbow joint?
Ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament, and annular ligament
What is the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow joint?
3 bands of connective tissue on the medial elbow which connect the humerus to the ulna
What is the radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint?
Bands of connective tissue which blends to both the annular ligament of the radius and the ulnar bone
What is the annular ligament of the elbow joint?C
Connective tissue which loops up and around the radial head
What elbow joint damage is common in throwing athletes?
Ulnar collateral ligament rupture/sprain/stretch
What is Tommy John surgery?
Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament
What grafts are commonly used in Tommy John surgery?
palmaris longus tendon, gracillus tendon, hamstring, great toe extensor tendon (autografts)
or donor grafts (allograft)
What is cubital tunnel syndrome?
Irritation or compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes through the cubital tunnel of the elbow to get to the forearm
What happens during a radial head dislocation?
The radial head is pulled out of the annular ligament (socket)
*more typical in peds due to laxity of joint
What is olecranon bursitis?
Inflammation and swelling/filling in fluid of the olecranon bursa (fluid sac in between bone and ligament) as a result of chronic pressure or irritation
What muscles are responsible for supination of the forearm?
Supinator muscle, biceps brachii
*rotate the palm up
What muscles are responsible for pronation of the forearm?
Pronator teres, pronator quadratus
*rotate the palm down
Which structure is made up of tough connective tissue and serves as the “floor” of the forearm?
Interosseous membrane
*stabilizes ulna and radius while still allowing mobility
What is the sacciform recess?
An extension of the joint capsule of the elbow that is positioned under the annular ligament
What are the two joints of the forearm?
The PRUJ (proximal radioulnar joint) and the DRUJ (distal radioulnar joint)
What is the PRUJ (proximal radioulnar joint)?
Where the head of the radius articulates with the ulna (in between the two forearm bones at the proximal end)
*the annular ligament holds the head of the radius in place to articulate with the ulna
What is the DRUJ (distal radioulnar joint)?
Where the head of the ulna articulates with the radius (in between the two forearm bones at the distal end)
*TFCC tissue cuts across and unites the distal radius and head of ulna
What does TFCC stand for?
Triangular fibrocartilage complex
What are the attachments for the TFCC?
Styloid process of ulna and distal radius
What is the purpose of the TFCC?
Allows the radius to pivot around ulna for pronation (palm down) and supination (palm up)
*provides stability between the two forearm bones while still allowing mobility
What is a common cause of TFCC rupture or tear?
FOOSH (fall on outstretched hand) injury
-impact of fall is put on the wrist/TFCC
What are the characteristics of an TFCC tear/rupture? Do these ruptures require surgery?
Pain and instability on the ulnar side of the wrist
-Do not usually need surgery, usually rest is required for healing
What are the different movements of the wrist?
-Flexion (flexing wrist so hand points to floor with palm down)
-Extension (extending wrist so hand is up like the “stop” signal)
-Ulnar deviation (wrist bends hand toward pinky side)
-Radial deviation (wrist bends hand toward thumb side)
What are the two collateral ligaments of the wrist?
Ulnar collateral ligament (ulna to carpals)
Radial collateral ligament (radius to carpals)
What are the two collateral ligaments of the wrist?
Ulnar collateral ligament (ulna to carpals)
Radial collateral ligament (radius to carpals)
What are the two radiocarpal ligaments of the wrist?
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
Palmer radiocarpal ligament
*these pull the carpal bones with the radius during pronation and supination
What is the radiocarpal joint?
Articulation between the radius and the carpal bones (mostly scaphoid and lunate)
What is an MCP (metacarpophalanhgeal) joint?
Articulations between the distal end of metacarpal bones and proximal end of phalange bones
*AKA knuckles
What is a PIP (proximal interphalangeal) joint?
Articulation between the proximal and middle phalanges in digits 2-5
What is a DIP (distal interphalangeal) joint?
Articulation between middle and distal phalanges in digits 2-5
What is the IP (interphalangeal) jont of the thumb?
Articulation between the proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb (1st digit)
What action is produced by abduction of the fingers?
Spreading fingers apart/away from middle finger (midline)
What action is produced by adduction of the fingers?
Bringing fingers together/toward middle finger (midline)
What actions are produced by flexion/extension of PIP and DIP joints in the fingers?
Flexion: curling fingers inward
Extension: straightening out the fingers
What actions are produced by flexion/extension of MCP joints in the fingers?
Extension: lifting fingers upward/back with the wrist (“stop” signal)
Flexion: pushing fingers down with palm facing the floor with the wrist
What are the movements of the thumb?
-adduction/abduction
-flexion/extension
-opposition
What action is produced by opposition of the thumb?
Touching the thumb to the tip of each finger
