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anatomy 1B > muscles of the head neck and face > Flashcards

muscles of the head neck and face Flashcards

1
Q

sella turcica – location

A
  • inside skull
  • intersection of the greater + lesser wings of sphenoid
  • saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
  • “turk’s saddle”
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2
Q

sella turcica – function

A
  • protects pituitary gland

- location for optic chiasm (where nerves from L + R eyes cross)

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3
Q

cribiform plate – location

A
  • part of ethmoid bone

- located inside skull, directly above nasal passage

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4
Q

cribiform plate – function

A
  • grooves on either side of the cribiform plate support the olfactory bulb and are perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves
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5
Q

crista galli – location

A
  • ridge of bone that projects upward from the middle line of the cribiform plate
  • “rooster’s comb”
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6
Q

crista galli – function

A
  • where olfactory cranial nerves extend to nose
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7
Q

cranial nerves vs spinal nerves

A
  • cranial nerves come directly from brain

- spinal lnerves emerge from spinal cord

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8
Q

trachea – aka

A

“windpipe”

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9
Q

trachea – location

A
  • center of anterior neck
  • ribbed, cartilaginous tube roughly 1” diameter
  • deep to thyroid gland
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10
Q

trachea – includes

A

superior to inferior:

  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • thyroid gland + isthmus
  • tracheal rings
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11
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • horseshoe-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone (“hyoid” = U-shaped)
  • located parallel to base of mandible (jawline) and C-3 or C-4, superior to thyroid cartilage
  • accessible + elevates upon swallowing
  • attachment site for suprahyoid + infrahyoid myo
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12
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • aka “Adam’s apple”

- located below chin, inferior to hyoid but superior to cricoid cartilage

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13
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea (“cricoid” = ring shaped)
  • is slightly larger than other trachael rings
  • located just inferior to thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
  • attachment site for myo, cartilage + ligaments involved in opening/closing of airway + in speech production
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14
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • two glands (L + R) that are connected by isthmus
  • controls how quickly the body uses energy + makes proteins
  • controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones
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15
Q

isthmus

A
  • bridge connecting 2 lobes of the thyroid

- located inferior to cricoid cartilage

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16
Q

tracheal rings

A
  • pliable but tough to maintain and open airway

- wraps 3/4 way around trachea (membrane closes at back)

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17
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – location

A
  • located on lateral, anterior neck

- large belly w/ 2 heads (flate clavicular head + slender sternal head)

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18
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – origin

A
  • top of manubrium (sternal head)

- medial 1/3 of clavical (clavicular head)

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19
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – insertion

A

mastoid proess of temporal bone

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20
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – action

A
  • laterally flex head + neck to same side (unilaterally)
  • rotate head + neck to opposite side (unilaterally)
  • flex neck (bilaterally)
    (shaking head no + nodding yes; cocking ear to listen)
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21
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – nerve

A

spinal accessory nerve (also nerve for trapezius) (aka cranial nerve XI)

(SCM + upper fibers of traps begin as one myo in embryo and split during development)

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22
Q

scalenes – location

A
  • sandwiched b/w SCM + anterior flap of trapezius on the lateral, anterior neck
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23
Q

scalenes – names

A
  • anterior scalene - lies partially tucked beneath SCM
  • middle scalene - slightly larger, lies lateral to anterior scalene
  • posterior scalene - deeper, smaller, b/w middle scalene + levator scapula
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24
Q

scalenes – origin

A
  • anterior: TVP’s of C-3 to C-6
  • middle: TVP’s of C-2 to C-7 (longer)
  • posterior: TVP’s of C-6 and C-7 (shortest)
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25
Q

scalenes – insertion

A
  • anterior + middle: 1st rib

- posterior: 2nd rib

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26
Q

scalenes – action

A
  • laterally flex head + neck to same side (unilaterally)
  • rotate head + neck to opposite side (unilaterally)
  • flex head + neck (bilaterally – anterior scalenes only)
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27
Q

brachial plexus + relation to scalenes

A
  • large branches of brachial plexus (group of nerves) pass thru small gap b/w anterior + middle scalenes, and run down arm (one of the branches, musculocutaneous nerve, goes thru coracobrachialis myo)
  • compression or impingement of brachial plexus or one of its nerves can send a sharp, shooting sensation or numbness down arm
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28
Q

subclavian artery + relation to scalenes

A
  • subclavian artery passes thru small gap b/w anterior + middle scalenes, and sends blood to arms
  • passes b/w rib 1 + clavicle, so thoracic outlet syndrome could be harmful
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29
Q

masseter – location

A
  • located on side of mandible

- consists of 2 overlapping bellies

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30
Q

masseter – function

A
  • strongest myo in body relative to size
  • primary chewing myo
  • also used in speaking + swallowing
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31
Q

masseter – origin

A

zygomatic arch

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32
Q

masseter – insertion

A

angle + ramus of mandible

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33
Q

masseter – action

A

elevate mandible (at TMJ)

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34
Q

masseter – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (aka cranial nerve 5)

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35
Q

trigeminal nerve – 3 branches

A
  1. opthalmic branch
  2. maxillary branch
  3. mandibular branch
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36
Q

temporalis – location

A
  • covers almost all of temporal bone (can palpate at temple area when teeth are clenched)
  • fibers reach under zygomatic arch to connect at coronoid process
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37
Q

temporalis – origin

A

temporal fossa (almost all of temporal bone; some of parietal and frontal bone)

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38
Q

temporalis – insertion

A
  • coronoid process of mandible

- anterior edge of ramus of mandible

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39
Q

temporalis – action

A

elevate mandible (at TMJ)

40
Q

temporalis – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (aka cranial nerve 5)

41
Q

suprahyoids – location

A
  • located on underside of jaw, superior to hyoid bone
  • stretch from edge of mandible to hyoid
  • used for chewing, swallowing, speaking
42
Q

suprahyoids – names

A
  • geniohyoid (“genion” = chin)
  • mylohyod (largest)
  • stylohyoid (almost parallel to posterior belly of digastric)
43
Q

suprahyoids – origin

A
  • geniohyoid + mylohyoid: underside of mandible (though geniohyoid is smaller + just alongside midline of chin)
  • stylohyoid: styloid process of temporal bone
44
Q

suprahyoids – insertion

A

hyoid bone

45
Q

suprahyoids – action

A
  • elevate hyoid + tongue

- depress mandible (at TMJ)

46
Q

digastric – location + uniqueness

A
  • long myo composed of an anterior + posterior belly (“di” = two)
  • anterior + poster bellies are separated by tendinous ring that’s attached to hyoid bone
  • posterior belly penetrates thru stylohyoid
47
Q

digastric – origin

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

48
Q

digastric – insertion

A

inferior border of mandible (via tendinous ring)

49
Q

digastric – action

A
  • depress mandible

- elevate hyoid

50
Q

infrahyoids – location

A
  • located on anterior neck, superficial to trachea

- all 4 myo function as antagonists to suprahyoids

51
Q

infrahyoids – names

A
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
  • omohyoid (“omos” = shoulder)
52
Q

infrahyoids – origin

A
  • sternohyoid + sternothyroid: top of manubrium
  • thyrohyoid: thyroid cartilage
  • omohyoid: scapula (“omos” = shoulder)
53
Q

infrahyoids – insertion

A
  • sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid: hyoid bone

- sternothyroid: thyroid cartilage

54
Q

infrahyoids – action

A

depress hyoid + thyroid cartilage

55
Q

platysma – location

A
  • thin, superficial sheath spanning anterior neck from mandible to chest
  • integumentary myo that are embedded in superficial fascia + attach to skin + overlying myo (instead of connecting to bones)
  • (in other mammals, a similar sheet of myo lies on the back)
56
Q

platysma – origin

A

fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major

57
Q

platysma – insertion

A

base of mandible

58
Q

platysma – action

A
  • tighten fascia of neck
  • draw down corner of mouth (as in a frown or pout)
  • creates infamous “Creature from the Black Lagoon” expression
59
Q

platysma – nerve

A

cranial nerve VII (dysfunction leads to Bell’s Palsy)

60
Q

occipitofrontalis – location

A

4 bellies (2 left and 2 right) that are attached by same tendon (galea aponeurosis, a broad sheath of connective tissue stretching across top of cranium)

61
Q

occipitofrontalis – names

A
  • frontalis

- occipitalis

62
Q

occipitofrontalis – origin

A

galea aponeurosis (for both myos)

63
Q

occipitofrontalis – insertion

A
  • frontalis: skin superior to eyebrows

- occipitalis: superior nuchal line of occiput

64
Q

occipitofrontalis – action

A
  • raise eyebrows + wrinkle forehead (frontalis)

- anchor + retract galea posteriorly (occipitalis)

65
Q

occipitofrontalis – nerve

A

cranial nerve VII (dysfunction leads to Bell’s Palsy)

66
Q

medial and lateral pterygoids – location

A
  • medial pterygoid located on interior side of mandible (shape + position mirror masseter myo)
  • both myos can be accessed through the mouth
  • both myos assist masseter + temporalis w/ movement of mandible
67
Q

lateral pterygoids – significance

A

important bc attaches to TMJ (can massage this myo to relieve TMJ syndrome)

68
Q

medial pterygoid – origin

A
  • lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

- tuberosity of maxilla

69
Q

medial pterygoid – insertion

A

medial surface of ramus of mandible

70
Q

medial pterygoid – action

A
  • laterally deviate mandible to opposite side (unilaterally)

- elevate + protract mandible (bilaterally)

71
Q

medial pterygoid – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve (aka cranial nerve V)

72
Q

lateral pterygoid – origin

A
  • crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone (superior head)

- lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone (inferior head)

73
Q

lateral pterygoid – insertion

A
  • articular disc + capsule of TMJ

- neck of mandible

74
Q

lateral pterygoid – action

A
  • laterally deviate mandible to opposite side (unilaterally)

- protract mandible (bilaterally)

75
Q

lateral pterygoid – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve (aka cranial nerve V)

76
Q

myo that elevate the mandible

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
77
Q

myo that depress the mandible

A
  • geniohyoid
  • mylohyoid
  • stylohyoid
  • digastric (w/ hyoid fixed)
  • platysma (assists)
78
Q

myo that protract the mandible

A
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
  • masseter (assists)
79
Q

myo that retract the mandible

A
  • temporalis

- digastric

80
Q

buccinator – location

A

bilateral myo located at center of cheek, on either side of corners of mouth

81
Q

buccinator – action

A
  • blowing, sucking
  • visually can produce small dimple at cheek center
  • puffing up cheeks will stretch buccinators
82
Q

orbicularis oris – location

A

single, strong, sphincter myo that encircles mouth

83
Q

orbicularis oris – action

A
  • essential for speech + eating (closes mouth + shaping lips)
  • indispensible to woodwind players
  • can either narrow or protrude lips
86
Q

common carotid artery – location

A
  • ascends anterior, lateral neck

- lies deep to SCM + infrahyoid myo

87
Q

common carotid artery – function

A
  • primary supplier of blood to head + neck

- strong pulse can be felt medial to SCM at level of hyoid

88
Q

facial nerve – location

A
  • aka cranial nerve VII
  • from tragus (ear), branches off + spreads across the face, scalp, neck
  • often 2 or more branches of facial nerve cross superficially over zygomatic arch
89
Q

facial nerve – function + dysfunction

A
  • important to know its location due to proximity to other palpable structures on side of face
  • lesion/injury of facial nerve can lead to Bell’s Palsy
90
Q

vertebral artery – location

A
  • branches off subclavian artery
  • ascends neck thru transverse foramen of C-6 to C-1
  • passes thru foramen magnum of occiput
91
Q

vertebral artery – function

A

supplies blood to brain + spinal cord

92
Q

parotid gland – location

A
  • bilaterally located in front of earlobe, superficial to masseter myo
  • has a soft, lumpy surface
  • penetrated by facial nerve branches
93
Q

parotid gland – function + dysfunction

A
  • largest salivary gland

- parotitis (i.e. mumps) is when this gland is inflamed (and causes gerbil cheeks)

94
Q

brachial plexus – location

A
  • exits from TVP’s of C-5 to T-1
  • squeezes between anterior + middle scalenes
  • continues inferiorly + laterally underneath clavicle to axillary
95
Q

brachial plexus – function

A
  • large bundle of nerves that innervates shoulder + upper extremity
  • compressing or impinging one of nerves in bundle can create a sharp, shooting sensation down arm
95
Q

orbicularis oculi – location

A
  • sphincter myo encircling eye
  • thick outer fibers form “orbital “part of myo
  • inner fibers form “palpebral” part of myo
96
Q

brachial plexus – nerve roots

A

consists only of nerve roots C-5, C-5, C-7, C-8, and T-1

96
Q

orbicularis oculi – function

A
  • close eyelid
  • squinting
  • blinking
  • “smiling” with eyes
  • create crow’s fewer over time after chronic contraction

anatomy 1B (9 decks)

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