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anatomy 1B > final exam anatomy 1 - Sheet1 > Flashcards

final exam anatomy 1 - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

intercostals – general description

A
  • attach adjacent ribs
  • fibers of external + internal intercostals run perpendicular to each other (and can be visualized as extensions of the external + internal oblique myo)
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2
Q

intercostals – origin

A

inferior border of the rib above

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3
Q

intercostals – insertion

A

superior border of the rib below

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4
Q

intercostals – nerve

A

thoracic nerve

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5
Q

external intercostals – action

A
  • assist w/ INhalation

- draw ribs superiorly to increase space of thoracic cavity

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6
Q

internal intercostals – action

A
  • assist w/ EXhalation

- draw ribs inferiorly to decrease space of thoracic cavity

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7
Q

intertransversarii – general description

A

these small, short myo span b/w the TVP’s of cervical + lumbar vertebrae (but NOT in thoracic area, which is less mobile)

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8
Q

intertransversarii – origin + insertion

A

origin + insertion are the same!

  • spanning TVP’s of C-2 thru C-7 (all cervical vert except C-1)
  • spanning TVP’s of L-1 to L-5 (all lumbar vert)
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9
Q

intertransversarii – action

A
  • laterally flex vert. column to same side (unilaterally)

- extend the vert. column (bilaterally)

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10
Q

intertransversarii – nerve

A

spinal nerve

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11
Q

interspinalis – general description

A

small, short myo span b/w spinous processes of cervical + lumbar vertebrae, plus a few thoracic vertebrae

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12
Q

interspinalis – origin + insertion

A

origin + insertion are the same!

  • spanning spinous processes of C-2 thru T-3 (does not include C-1)
  • spanning spinous processes of T-12 to L-5 (all lumbar vert, plus T-12)
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13
Q

interspinalis – action

A

extends the vertebral column

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14
Q

interspinalis – nerve

A

spinal nerve

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15
Q

ligamentum nuchae – location

A
  • sheet of connective tissue in the neck

- runs along sagittal plane from EOP to spinous process of C-7

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16
Q

ligamentum nuchae – function

A
  • main function is to stabilize head + neck
  • also an attachment site for myo like trapezius + splenius capitus (since cervical spinous processes do not extend far enough for these superficial myo to attach)
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17
Q

transverse ligament of atlas – location

A
  • thick, strong band that spans the anterior arch of the atlas, posterior to the dens (odontoid process of axis)
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18
Q

transverse ligament of atlas – function

A
  • holds the dens (odontoid process of axis) in place
  • keeps it from going into the spinal chord
  • very important in SIDS research *
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19
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) – location

A

continuous sheet from C-3 to L-5 that covers anterior 1/3 of body of vertebrae

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20
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) – function

A
  • very strong
  • prevents extreme extension (back-bending)
  • prevents anterior herniation of discs
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21
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) – location

A

continuous sheet from C-3 to L-5 that covers posterior body of vertebrae

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22
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament – function

A

not as strong as ALL (that’s why we have more spinal flexion than spinal extension)

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23
Q

ligamentum flavum – location

A
  • attaches lamina of vertebra above to lamina of vertebra below (therefore bilateral)
  • from C-2 thru L-1
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24
Q

interspinous ligament – location

A
  • attaches spinous process of vertebra above to spinous process of vertebra below
  • as opposed to supraspinous ligament, which attaches TIPS of adjacent spinous processes
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25
Q

supraspinous ligament

A
  • continuous sheet that connects tips of spinous processes of thoracic + lumbar vertebrae
  • extends inferiorly from ligamentum nuchae
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26
Q

fontanelle

A

space b/w skull bones that is present in babies, but fuses together during development

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27
Q

sutures (aka sutural joint)

A

joint b/w bones of skull (zig zig pattern looks like stitches)

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28
Q

cranial bones – range of motion

A
  • cranial bones (or bones of the skull) are classified as immovable
  • but they are slightly movable (i.e. craniosacral therapy)
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29
Q

frontal bone – location

A
  • forms forehead + upper rim of eye sockets

- considered one of the hardest bones

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30
Q

frontal bone – bony landmarks

A
  • orbit of the eye = eye socket

- supraorbital ridges = ridge at top of eye, under eyebrow (ocular cardial reflex)

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31
Q

coronal suture (aka frontal suture)

A

where frontal bone meets parietal bones

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32
Q

parietal bones – location

A
  • 2 parietal bones, forming top + sides of skull

- largest bones in skull

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33
Q

sagittal suture

A

at body’s midline between 2 parietal bones

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34
Q

occiput bone – location

A

at posterior, inferior part of skull

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35
Q

occiput – bony landmarks

A
  • external occipital protuberance (EOP) and, by implication, internal occipital protuberance (IOP)
  • superior nuchal lines (at level of EOP) = attachment site for myo
  • inferior nuchal lines (below superior nuchal lines)
  • foramen magnum = big hole in occiput that sits on top of atlas
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36
Q

lambdoid suture

A
  • where occiput meets each of the parietal bones

- shaped like the Greek letter lambda (upside down “V”)

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37
Q

temporal bone – location

A
  • 2 temporal bones encompass area around ear

- lie posterior to temples (though it’s named “temporal”)

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38
Q

temporal bone – bony landmarks

A
  1. mastoid process = large bump behind earlobe
  2. zygomatic arch = cheekbone
  3. styloid process = behind earlobe, between mastoid process + posterior edge of mandible
  4. external auditory meatus (EAM) and, by implication, internal auditory meatus
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39
Q

temporo mandibular joint (TMJ)

A
  • where mandible articulates w/ temporal bone
  • most frequently used joint in body (speaking, eating)
  • TMJ syndrome may be due to destruction or wearing out of articular disc of TMJ
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40
Q

sphenoid bone – location

A
  • located inside skull, but can be palpated anterior to temporal bones
  • shaped like a swallow tailed butterfly
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41
Q

sphenoid bone – unique quality

A

sphenoid is KEYSTONE of skull bc every skull bone articulates with sphenoid bone

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42
Q

facial bones

A
  • nasal bones
  • zygomatic bones
  • maxillary bones
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43
Q

zygomatic bone – location

A

aka “cheekbone”, forms anterior aspect of zygomatic arch + lateral portion of eye orbit

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44
Q

zygomatic arch

A
  • half temporal bone, half zygomatic bone

- is the bridge that connects + includes the zygomatic process of temporal bone + temporal process of zygomatic bone

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45
Q

ethmoid bone – location

A

inside eye, on medial side of orbit

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46
Q

lacrimal bones – location

A

inside eye; have little holes called lacrimal ducts (aka lacrimal foramen)

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47
Q

nasal bones – location

A

bridge of nose, before nasal cartilage

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48
Q

maxilla bone – location

A

forms center of face, inferior portion of eye orbit, surface around nose + upper jaw in which upper row of teeth articulate

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49
Q

maxilla – bony landmarks

A
  • includes top row of teeth + hard palate at roof of mouth

- articulates with zygomatic bone (cheekbone)

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50
Q

mandible bone – location

A
  • bottom of mouth + jaw

- articulates with temporal bone

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51
Q

mandible – unique quality

A

the only movable bone of skull (makes chewing possible)

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52
Q

mandible – bony landmarks

A
  • head, neck
  • condyle = superficial portion of head
  • body = flat surface inferior to lower teeth
  • base = “jaw line” or edge of body
  • submandibular fossa = underside of mandible; attachement site for suprahyod myo
  • angle = located at posterior end of base
  • ramus = flat, posterior, vertical portion of mandible
  • mental foramen = hole for nerve
  • coronoid process (inaccessible when jaw closed)
  • pterygoid fossa of head (where lidocaine is injected)
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53
Q

hyoid bone – location

A
  • horseshoe-shaped bone located superior to thyroid cartilage
  • elevates upon swallowing
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54
Q

hyoid – bony landmarks

A
  • greater horn (2)
  • lesser horn (2)
  • body
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55
Q

hyoid – unique quality

A
  • does not articulate with any other bone

- fractured hyoid can cause death (related to strangulation)

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56
Q

choana

A

2 holes inferior to vomer bone that form nasal passage

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57
Q

lateral + medial pterygoid plates

A
  • part of the sphenoid bone, forms sides of choana

- pterygoid myo attaches here

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58
Q

vomer bone

A
  • makes a roof for the choana

- a thin flat bone forming the inferior + posterior part of the nasal septum + dividing the nostrils

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59
Q

palatine bone

A

end of hard palate (behind hard palate)

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60
Q

sella turcica – location

A
  • inside skull
  • intersection of the greater + lesser wings of sphenoid
  • saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
  • “turk’s saddle”
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61
Q

sella turcica – function

A
  • protects pituitary gland

- location for optic chiasm (where nerves from L + R eyes cross)

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62
Q

cribiform plate – location

A
  • part of ethmoid bone

- located inside skull, directly above nasal passage

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63
Q

cribiform plate – function

A
  • grooves on either side of the cribiform plate support the olfactory bulb and are perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves
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64
Q

crista galli – location

A
  • ridge of bone that projects upward from the middle line of the cribiform plate
  • “rooster’s comb”
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65
Q

crista galli – function

A
  • where olfactory cranial nerves extend to nose
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66
Q

cranial nerves vs spinal nerves

A
  • cranial nerves come directly from brain

- spinal lnerves emerge from spinal cord

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67
Q

trachea – aka

A

“windpipe”

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68
Q

trachea – location

A
  • center of anterior neck
  • ribbed, cartilaginous tube roughly 1” diameter
  • deep to thyroid gland
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69
Q

trachea – includes

A

superior to inferior:

  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • thyroid gland + isthmus
  • tracheal rings
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70
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • horseshoe-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone (“hyoid” = U-shaped)
  • located parallel to base of mandible (jawline) and C-3 or C-4, superior to thyroid cartilage
  • accessible + elevates upon swallowing
  • attachment site for suprahyoid + infrahyoid myo
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71
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • aka “Adam’s apple”

- located below chin, inferior to hyoid but superior to cricoid cartilage

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72
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea (“cricoid” = ring shaped)
  • is slightly larger than other trachael rings
  • located just inferior to thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
  • attachment site for myo, cartilage + ligaments involved in opening/closing of airway + in speech production
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73
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • two glands (L + R) that are connected by isthmus
  • controls how quickly the body uses energy + makes proteins
  • controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones
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74
Q

isthmus

A
  • bridge connecting 2 lobes of the thyroid

- located inferior to cricoid cartilage

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75
Q

tracheal rings

A
  • pliable but tough to maintain and open airway

- wraps 3/4 way around trachea (membrane closes at back)

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76
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – location

A
  • located on lateral, anterior neck

- large belly w/ 2 heads (flate clavicular head + slender sternal head)

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77
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – origin

A
  • top of manubrium (sternal head)

- medial 1/3 of clavical (clavicular head)

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78
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – insertion

A

mastoid proess of temporal bone

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79
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – action

A
  • laterally flex head + neck to same side (unilaterally)
  • rotate head + neck to opposite side (unilaterally)
  • flex neck (bilaterally)
    (shaking head no + nodding yes; cocking ear to listen)
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80
Q

sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – nerve

A

spinal accessory nerve (also nerve for trapezius) (aka cranial nerve XI)

(SCM + upper fibers of traps begin as one myo in embryo and split during development)

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81
Q

scalenes – location

A
  • sandwiched b/w SCM + anterior flap of trapezius on the lateral, anterior neck
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82
Q

scalenes – names

A
  • anterior scalene - lies partially tucked beneath SCM
  • middle scalene - slightly larger, lies lateral to anterior scalene
  • posterior scalene - deeper, smaller, b/w middle scalene + levator scapula
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83
Q

scalenes – origin

A
  • anterior: TVP’s of C-3 to C-6
  • middle: TVP’s of C-2 to C-7 (longer)
  • posterior: TVP’s of C-6 and C-7 (shortest)
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84
Q

scalenes – insertion

A
  • anterior + middle: 1st rib

- posterior: 2nd rib

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85
Q

scalenes – action

A
  • laterally flex head + neck to same side (unilaterally)
  • rotate head + neck to opposite side (unilaterally)
  • flex head + neck (bilaterally – anterior scalenes only)
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86
Q

brachial plexus + relation to scalenes

A
  • large branches of brachial plexus (group of nerves) pass thru small gap b/w anterior + middle scalenes, and run down arm (one of the branches, musculocutaneous nerve, goes thru coracobrachialis myo)
  • compression or impingement of brachial plexus or one of its nerves can send a sharp, shooting sensation or numbness down arm
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87
Q

subclavian artery + relation to scalenes

A
  • subclavian artery passes thru small gap b/w anterior + middle scalenes, and sends blood to arms
  • passes b/w rib 1 + clavicle, so thoracic outlet syndrome could be harmful
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88
Q

masseter – location

A
  • located on side of mandible

- consists of 2 overlapping bellies

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89
Q

masseter – function

A
  • strongest myo in body relative to size
  • primary chewing myo
  • also used in speaking + swallowing
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90
Q

masseter – origin

A

zygomatic arch

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91
Q

masseter – insertion

A

angle + ramus of mandible

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92
Q

masseter – action

A

elevate mandible (at TMJ)

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93
Q

masseter – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (aka cranial nerve 5)

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94
Q

trigeminal nerve – 3 branches

A
  1. opthalmic branch
  2. maxillary branch
  3. mandibular branch
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95
Q

temporalis – location

A
  • covers almost all of temporal bone (can palpate at temple area when teeth are clenched)
  • fibers reach under zygomatic arch to connect at coronoid process
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96
Q

temporalis – origin

A

temporal fossa (almost all of temporal bone; some of parietal and frontal bone)

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97
Q

temporalis – insertion

A
  • coronoid process of mandible

- anterior edge of ramus of mandible

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98
Q

temporalis – action

A

elevate mandible (at TMJ)

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99
Q

temporalis – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (aka cranial nerve 5)

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100
Q

suprahyoids – location

A
  • located on underside of jaw, superior to hyoid bone
  • stretch from edge of mandible to hyoid
  • used for chewing, swallowing, speaking
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101
Q

suprahyoids – names

A
  • geniohyoid (“genion” = chin)
  • mylohyod (largest)
  • stylohyoid (almost parallel to posterior belly of digastric)
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102
Q

suprahyoids – origin

A
  • geniohyoid + mylohyoid: underside of mandible (though geniohyoid is smaller + just alongside midline of chin)
  • stylohyoid: styloid process of temporal bone
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103
Q

suprahyoids – insertion

A

hyoid bone

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104
Q

suprahyoids – action

A
  • elevate hyoid + tongue

- depress mandible (at TMJ)

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105
Q

infrahyoids – location

A
  • located on anterior neck, superficial to trachea

- all 4 myo function as antagonists to suprahyoids

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106
Q

infrahyoids – names

A
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
  • omohyoid (“omos” = shoulder)
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107
Q

infrahyoids – origin

A
  • sternohyoid + sternothyroid: top of manubrium
  • thyrohyoid: thyroid cartilage
  • omohyoid: scapula (“omos” = shoulder)
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108
Q

infrahyoids – insertion

A
  • sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid: hyoid bone

- sternothyroid: thyroid cartilage

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109
Q

infrahyoids – action

A

depress hyoid + thyroid cartilage

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110
Q

platysma – location

A
  • thin, superficial sheath spanning anterior neck from mandible to chest
  • integumentary myo that are embedded in superficial fascia + attach to skin + overlying myo (instead of connecting to bones)
  • (in other mammals, a similar sheet of myo lies on the back)
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111
Q

platysma – origin

A

fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major

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112
Q

platysma – insertion

A

base of mandible

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113
Q

platysma – action

A
  • tighten fascia of neck
  • draw down corner of mouth (as in a frown or pout)
  • creates infamous “Creature from the Black Lagoon” expression
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114
Q

platysma – nerve

A

cranial nerve VII (dysfunction leads to Bell’s Palsy)

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115
Q

occipitofrontalis – location

A

4 bellies (2 left and 2 right) that are attached by same tendon (galea aponeurosis, a broad sheath of connective tissue stretching across top of cranium)

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116
Q

occipitofrontalis – names

A
  • frontalis

- occipitalis

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117
Q

occipitofrontalis – origin

A

galea aponeurosis (for both myos)

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118
Q

occipitofrontalis – insertion

A
  • frontalis: skin superior to eyebrows

- occipitalis: superior nuchal line of occiput

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119
Q

occipitofrontalis – action

A
  • raise eyebrows + wrinkle forehead (frontalis)

- anchor + retract galea posteriorly (occipitalis)

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120
Q

occipitofrontalis – nerve

A

cranial nerve VII (dysfunction leads to Bell’s Palsy)

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121
Q

medial and lateral pterygoids – location

A
  • medial pterygoid located on interior side of mandible (shape + position mirror masseter myo)
  • both myos can be accessed through the mouth
  • both myos assist masseter + temporalis w/ movement of mandible
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122
Q

lateral pterygoids – significance

A

important bc attaches to TMJ (can massage this myo to relieve TMJ syndrome)

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123
Q

medial pterygoid – origin

A
  • lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid

- tuberosity of maxilla

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124
Q

medial pterygoid – insertion

A

medial surface of ramus of mandible

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125
Q

medial pterygoid – action

A
  • laterally deviate mandible to opposite side (unilaterally)

- elevate + protract mandible (bilaterally)

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126
Q

medial pterygoid – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve (aka cranial nerve 5)

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127
Q

lateral pterygoid – origin

A
  • crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone (superior head)

- lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone (inferior head)

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128
Q

lateral pterygoid – insertion

A
  • articular disc + capsule of TMJ

- neck of mandible

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129
Q

lateral pterygoid – action

A
  • laterally deviate mandible to opposite side (unilaterally)

- protract mandible (bilaterally)

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130
Q

lateral pterygoid – nerve

A

trigeminal nerve (aka cranial nerve 5)

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131
Q

myo that elevate the mandible

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
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132
Q

myo that depress the mandible

A
  • geniohyoid
  • mylohyoid
  • stylohyoid
  • digastric (w/ hyoid fixed)
  • platysma (assists)
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133
Q

myo that protract the mandible

A
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
  • masseter (assists)
134
Q

myo that retract the mandible

A
  • temporalis

- digastric

135
Q

buccinator – location

A

bilateral myo located at center of cheek, on either side of corners of mouth

136
Q

buccinator – action

A
  • blowing, sucking
  • visually can produce small dimple at cheek center
  • puffing up cheeks will stretch buccinators
137
Q

orbicularis oris – location

A

single, strong, sphincter myo that encircles mouth

138
Q

orbicularis oris – action

A
  • essential for speech + eating (closes mouth + shaping lips)
  • indispensible to woodwind players
  • can either narrow or protrude lips
139
Q

common carotid artery – location

A
  • ascends anterior, lateral neck

- lies deep to SCM + infrahyoid myo

140
Q

common carotid artery – function

A
  • primary supplier of blood to head + neck

- strong pulse can be felt medial to SCM at level of hyoid

141
Q

facial nerve – location

A
  • aka cranial nerve VII
  • from tragus (ear), branches off + spreads across the face, scalp, neck
  • often 2 or more branches of facial nerve cross superficially over zygomatic arch
142
Q

facial nerve – function + dysfunction

A
  • important to know its location due to proximity to other palpable structures on side of face
  • lesion/injury of facial nerve can lead to Bell’s Palsy
143
Q

vertebral artery – location

A
  • branches off subclavian artery
  • ascends neck thru transverse foramen of C-6 to C-1
  • passes thru foramen magnum of occiput
144
Q

vertebral artery – function

A

supplies blood to brain + spinal cord

145
Q

parotid gland – location

A
  • bilaterally located in front of earlobe, superficial to masseter myo
  • has a soft, lumpy surface
  • penetrated by facial nerve branches
146
Q

parotid gland – function + dysfunction

A
  • largest salivary gland

- parotitis (i.e. mumps) is when this gland is inflamed (and causes gerbil cheeks)

147
Q

brachial plexus – location

A
  • exits from TVP’s of C-5 to T-1
  • squeezes between anterior + middle scalenes
  • continues inferiorly + laterally underneath clavicle to axillary
148
Q

brachial plexus – function

A
  • large bundle of nerves that innervates shoulder + upper extremity
  • compressing or impinging one of nerves in bundle can create a sharp, shooting sensation down arm
149
Q

brachial plexus – nerve roots

A

consists only of nerve roots C-5, C-5, C-7, C-8, and T-1

150
Q

3 parts of pelvis

A
  1. sacrum
  2. coccyx
  3. two hip bones
151
Q

3 parts of hip bone

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
152
Q

female vs. male pelvis

A

female pelvis is broader for carrying + delivering child:

  • wider iliac crest
  • larger pelvic “bowl”
  • greater distance b/w ischial tuberosities
153
Q

pubis – bony landmarks

A
  • superior ramus of pubis
  • inferior ramus of pubis
  • pectineal line
  • pubic tubercles (L+R join at pubic crest)
  • symphyseal surfaces (L+R join at pubic symphysis)
  • pubic symphysis
154
Q

ischium – bony landmarks

A
  • ischial tuberosity (“sitting bones”)
  • ramus of iscium (no superior + inferior ramus like on the pubis)
  • lesser sciatic notch
  • ischial spine (b/w greater + lesser sciatic notch)
155
Q

ilium – bony landmarks

A
  • iliac crest (b/w ASIS + PSIS)
  • iliac tubercle (approx. 2 inches posterior to ASIS on the iliac crest)
  • anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  • anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
  • posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
  • posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
  • greater sciatic notch
  • obturator foramen (big hole)
156
Q

medial ilium (inside) – bony landmarks

A
  • iliac fossa (the “bowl” part inside)

- articular suface for sacrum (“boot-shaped”)

157
Q

lateral ilium (outside) – bony landmarks

A
  • anterior gluteal line
  • posterior gluteal line
  • inferior gluteal line
  • acetabulum (socket where femur articulates)
  • lunate surface of acetabulum (croissant-shaped)
158
Q

“butt dimples” – location

A

PSIS

159
Q

sockets for femur – name + location

A

acetabulum, located on lateral side of hip bone

160
Q

ischial tuberosity – AKA

A

“sitting bones”

161
Q

hip joint – official name

A

coxal joint (ball-and socket)

162
Q

sacrum and coccyx – # of fused vertebrae

A
  • 4 or 5 fused vertebrae in sacrum

- 3 or 4 fused bones in coccyx

163
Q

sacrum – bony landmarks

A
  • median sacral crest (where spinous processes are located)
  • lateral sacral crest (remnants of TVP’s, one on each side of median sacral crest)
  • posterior sacral foramen (holes on eather side of median sacral crest, as seen from back)
  • anterior sacral foramen (holes seen from front of body)
  • transverse ridges (remnants of intervertebral discs of sacral vert., visible from anterior sacrum)
  • sacral promontory
164
Q

femur – proximal bony landmarks

A
  • head, neck
  • fovea of head (site of nerve, artery + ligament entry/exit for head of femur)
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
  • intertrochanteric line (anterior, b/w greater + lesser trochanter)
  • intertrochanteric crest (posterior)
  • trochanteric fossa (more accessible from posterior)
  • gluteal tuberosity (distal to posterior surface of greater trochanter)
  • pectineal line (distal to posterior surface of lesser trochanter)
165
Q

femur – bony landmarks of shaft

A
  • shaft
  • medial lip of linea aspera
  • lateral lip of linea aspera

“linea” = line; “aspera” = rough

166
Q

femur – distal bony landmarks

A
  • patellar surface (anterior)
  • medial condyle / lateral condyle
  • medial epicondyle / lateral epicondyle
  • medial supracondylar line / lateral supracondylar line
  • adductor tubercle (medial side, superior to medial epicondyle)
  • intercondylar fossa (posterior, b/w two condyles) (“knee pit”)
167
Q

femur – how to tell L + R

A
  • knobby condyles are behind the knee

- they stick out of back/posterior

168
Q

patella articulates with…

A

femur only

169
Q

tibia vs. fibula

A
  • fibula is thinnest bone in proportion to length
  • fibula is lateral to tibia (think “fibulateral”)
  • tibia = medial malleolus
  • fibula = lateral malleolus
170
Q

tibia – proximal bony landmarks

A
  • lateral condyle / medial condyle (at knee)
  • intercondylar tubercles (attachment site for cruciate ligaments)
  • tibial tuberosity (anterior; attachment for quads)
  • pes anserinus (medial to tibial tuberosity; attachment for myo)
  • groove for insertion of semimembranosus tendon (posterior) **
  • soleal line (for soleus myo)
  • shaft
171
Q

tibia – distal bony landmarks

A
  • medial malleolus (inner ankle bone)

- fibular groove of tibia

172
Q

fibula – bony landmarks

A

(bottom more flat; top more bulbous)

  • lateral malleolus (outer ankle bone)
  • head
  • shaft
173
Q

patella – bony landmarks

A
  • base (proximal)

- apex (distal)

174
Q

4 myo in quadriceps femoris group

A
  • rectus femoris (central, superficial, crosses 2 joints)
  • vastus medialis (medial)
  • vastus lateralis (lateral)
  • vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)
175
Q

quadriceps femoris – origins

A
  1. rectus femoris: AIIS
  2. vastus medialis: medial lip of linea aspera
  3. vastus lateralis: lateral lip of linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity + greater trochanter
  4. vastus intermedius: anterior + lateral shaft of femur
176
Q

quadriceps femoris – insertion

A
  • tibial tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament)
  • (all four quad myos converge into a single tendon above knee; that tendon connects to the top and sides of patella before attaching to tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament)
  • (because the tendon attaches one bone to another – the patella to the tibia – it is actually considered a ligament)
177
Q

quadriceps femoris – actions

A
  • ALL: extend knee

- rectus femorus only: flex the hip

178
Q

quadriceps femoris – nerve

A

femoral nerve

179
Q

osgood schlatter’s disease

A
  • avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity (avulsion fracture is when myo pulls a piece of bone with it when the bone fractures)
  • pulls tibial tuberosity away from tibia (common in kids bc their bones are softer and not fully ossified)
180
Q

4 hamstrings myo

A
  1. biceps femoris (long head + short head)
  2. semitendinosus (superficial to the semimembranosus)
  3. semimembranosus (wider and deeper than semitendinosus)
181
Q

hamstrings – common origin

A

ischial tuberosity (for all except the short head of biceps femoris)

182
Q

biceps femoris – origin

A
  • ischial tuberosity (long head)

- lateral lip of linea aspera, on shaft of femur (short head)

183
Q

biceps femoris – insertion

A

head of fibula

184
Q

biceps femoris – action

A
  • flex knee
  • laterally rotate flexed knee
  • extend hip (long head only)
185
Q

biceps femoris – nerve

A

sciatic nerve (largest nerve of body girth-wise)

186
Q

semitendinosus – origin

A

ischial tuberosity

187
Q

semitendinosus – insertion

A

pes anserinus tendon

conjoined tendons of 3 myo including sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus, at proximal medial shaft of tibia

188
Q

semitendinosus – actions

A

same actions as semimembranosus:

  • flex knee
  • medially rotate flexed knee
  • extend hip
  • tilt pelvis posteriorly
189
Q

semitendinosus – nerve

A

sciatic nerve (largest nerve of body girth-wise)

190
Q

semimembranosus – origin

A

ischial tuberosity

191
Q

semimembranosus – insertion

A

medial condyle of tibia (posterior aspect)

192
Q

semimembranosus – actions

A

same actions as semitendinosus:

  • flex knee
  • medially rotate flexed knee
  • extend hip
  • tilt pelvis posteriorly
193
Q

semimembranosus – nerve

A

sciatic nerve (largest nerve of body girth-wise)

194
Q

3 gluteal myos

A
  1. gluteus maximus
  2. gluteus medius
  3. gluteaus minimus
195
Q

gluteal myos – general function

A

strong extensors and abductors of hip

196
Q

gluteus maximus – origin

A
  • coccyx
  • edge of sacrum
  • posterior iliac crest
197
Q

gluteus maximus – insertion

A
  • iliotibial tract

- gluteal tuberosity

198
Q

gluteus maximus – actions

A
  • extend hip
  • laterally rotate hip
  • abduct hip
  • adduct hip (lower fibers only)
199
Q

gluteus medius – AKA

A
  • “deltoid myo of the hip joint”

- has anterior and posterior fibers

200
Q

gluteus medius – origin

A

gluteal surface of ilium

201
Q

gluteus medius – insert

A

neck of femur / lateral aspect of greater trochanter

202
Q

gluteus medius – actions

A
  • ALL fibers: abduct hip
  • anterior fibers: flex, medially rotate hip
  • posterior fibers: extend, laterally rotate hip
203
Q

gluteus minimus – origin

A

gluteal surface of ilium (deep to gluteus medius)

204
Q

gluteus minimus – insertion

A

greater trochanter

205
Q

gluteus minimus – actions

A
  • abduct hip
  • medially rotate hip
  • flex hip
206
Q

iliotibial tract (IT band)

A
  • a fibrous band; site for myo attachments
  • attached to 2 myo in pelvis: gluteus maximus + TFL
  • IT band keeps thigh myo pressed together and compacted (like spandex)
207
Q

gluteal myos – nerves

A

kind of backwards:

  • inferior gluteal nerve (gluteus maximus)
  • superior gluteal nerve (gluteus medius + minimus)
208
Q

calcaneus

A
  • hard bone that forms heel of foot

- located beneth talus + projects 2 inches posteriorly from malleoli

209
Q

tarsals of foot

A

lateral to medial:

  • cuboid
  • navicular
  • lateral/ middle/ medial cuneiforms
210
Q

bones at arch of foot

A

metatarsals (1st thru 5th)

211
Q

toe bones

A
  • proximal phalanges
  • middle phalanges (no middle phalanx on big toe)
  • distal phalanges
212
Q

talus

A
  • sits on top of tarsals
  • where tibia + fibula come together at lateral + medial malleolus
  • “true” hinge joint
213
Q

plantar flexion

A
  • come onto tiptoes

- (antagonist to dorsiflexion)

214
Q

dorsiflexion

A
  • with heel on ground, life ball of foot towards knee

- (antagonist to plantar flexion)

215
Q

inversion

A
  • bring sole of foot towards midline (like cobbler’s pose)

- (antagonist to eversion)

216
Q

eversion

A
  • bring sole of foot laterally

- (antagonist to inversion)

217
Q

flexion of 2nd thru 5th toes

A
  • curl toes towards sole of foot
218
Q

extension of 2nd thru 5th toes

A
  • life toes towards knee
219
Q

2 calf muscles

A
  1. gastrocnemius

2. soleus

220
Q

nerve for calf muscles

A

tibial nerve

221
Q

calcaneal tendon – aka

A

Achilles tendon

222
Q

calcaneal tendon – location

A

attach calf myo (gastrocnemius + soleus) to hell (calcaneus)

223
Q

calcaneal tendon – function

A

keeps calf myo attached to heel, so they don’t slide up calves

224
Q

gastrocnemius – general location

A
  • has 2 heads that cross 2 joints (knee + ankle)

- superficial + thin (compared ot the thicker soleus)

225
Q

gastrocnemius – origin

A

condyles of femur (posterior surfaces)

226
Q

gastrocnemius – insertion

A

calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

227
Q

gastrocnemius – actions

A
  • flex knee

- plantar flex ankle

228
Q

soleus – unique quality + origin of name

A
  • this myo has a sheen like sole fish + is shaped like sole fish
  • “soleus” = sole fish
229
Q

soleus – general location

A
  • deep to gastrocnemius

- medial + lateral fibers bulge from sides of calf + extend further distal than gastrocnemius’ heads

230
Q

soleus – origin

A
  • soleal line + posterior surface of tibia

- head of fibula

231
Q

soleus – insertion

A

calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

232
Q

soleus – action

A

plantar flex ankle

233
Q

popliteus – general location

A
  • located in popliteal space
  • deepest myo of posterior knee
  • has small, short belly w diagnoal fibers
234
Q

popliteus – function

A

vital in “unlocking” the knee joint from an extended position

235
Q

popliteus – origin

A

lateral condyle of femur

236
Q

popliteus – insertion

A

posterior aspect of tibia

237
Q

popliteus – actions

A
  • medially rotate flexed knee

- flex knee

238
Q

popliteus – nerve

A

tibial nerve

239
Q

2 peroneal muscles (aka fibularis muscles)

A
  1. peroneus longus

2. peroneus brevis

240
Q

general location of peroneal muscles

A

slender myo are located on lateral side of fibula (thus, called fibularis myo)

241
Q

nerve for peroneal muscles

A

superficial peroneal nerve

242
Q

peroneus longus – origin

A
  • head of fibula

- proximal half of lateral fibula

243
Q

peroneus longus – insertion

A

via outer edge + sole of foot:

  • base of 1st metatarsal
  • medial cuneiform
244
Q

peroneus longus – action

A

evert foot

245
Q

peroneus brevis – origin

A

distal half of lateral fibula

246
Q

peroneus brevis – insertion

A

tuberosity of 5th metatarsal

247
Q

peroneus brevis – action

A

evert foot

248
Q

3 extensors of ankle + toes

A
  1. tibialis anterior
  2. extensor digitorum longus
  3. extensor hallucis longus
249
Q

general location of extensors of ankle + toes

A
  • located at anterior aspect of shin between shift of tibia + peroneal myo
  • tendons cross beneath extensor retinacula
  • tibialis anterior is the largest, most superficial, and most clearly isolated one in the group
250
Q

nerve for extensors of ankle + toes

A
  • deep peroneal nerve (tibialis anterior + extensor hallucis longus)
  • peroneal nerve (extensor digitorum longus)
251
Q

tibialis anterior – origin

A
  • lateral condyle of tibia

- lateral surface of tibia

252
Q

tibialis anterior – insertion

A

via arch of foot:

  • medial cuneiform
  • base of 1st metatarsal
253
Q

tibialis anterior – actions

A
  • invert foot

- dorsiflex ankle

254
Q

extensor digitorum longus – origin

A
  • lateral condyle of tibia

- anterior shaft of fibula

255
Q

extensor digitorum longus – insertion

A

middle + distal phalanges of toes 2 thru 5

256
Q

extensor digitorum longus – actions

A
  • extend toes 2 thru 5
  • dorsiflex ankle
  • evert foot
257
Q

extensor hallucis longus – origin

A

anterior surface of fibula

258
Q

extensor hallucis longus – insertion

A

distal phalanx of big toe

259
Q

extensor hallucis longus – actions

A
  • extend big toe
  • dorsiflex ankle
  • invert foot
260
Q

extensor retinacula

A

holds extensors of ankle + toes in place at anterior ankle

261
Q

3 flexors of ankle + foot

A
  1. tibialis posterior
  2. flexor digitorum longus
  3. flexor hallucis longus
262
Q

nerve for flexors of ankle + foot

A

tibial nerve

263
Q

tibialis posterior – origin

A

posterior shaft of tibia + fibula

264
Q

tibialis posterior – insertion

A
  • all 5 tarsal bones

- bases of metatarsals 2 - 4

265
Q

tibialis posterior – action

A
  • invert foot

- plantar flex ankle

266
Q

flexor digitorum longus – origin

A

posterior surface of tibia

267
Q

flexor digitorum longus – insertion

A

distal phalanges 2 - 5

268
Q

flexor digitorum longus – action

A
  • flex toes 2 - 5

- invert foot

269
Q

flexor hallucis longus – origin

A

posterior fibula

270
Q

flexor hallucis longus – insertion

A

distal phalanx of big toe

271
Q

flexor hallucis longus – action

A
  • flex big toe

- invert foot

272
Q

3 arches in foot

A
  1. medial longitudinal (calcaneus to hallucis)
  2. lateral longitudinal (calcaneus to 5th metatarsal)
  3. transverse (base of the 1st and 5th metatarsals)
273
Q

4 muscles of foot

A
  1. extensor digitorum brevis
  2. flexor digitorum brevis
  3. abductor hallucis
  4. abductor digiti minimi
274
Q

general location of muscles of foot

A
  • dorsal surface: extensor digitorum brevis (deep to extensor digitorum longus)
  • plantar surface myo lie side-by-side:
    > flexor digitorum brevis exends down center of foot from calcaneus to phalanges
    > abductor hallucis is on big toe side of plantar surface
    > abductor digiti minimi s on little toe side of plantar surface
275
Q

nerves of muscles of foot

A
  • tibial nerve (for myo on plantar surface)

- deep peroneal (for extensor digitorum brevis only)

276
Q

extensor digitorum longus – origin

A

calcaneus (dorsal surface of)

277
Q

extensor digitorum longus – insertion

A

toes 2 - 4 via extensor digitorum longus tendons

278
Q

extensor digitorum longus – action

A

extend phalanges 2 - 4

279
Q

extensor digitorum longus – nerve

A

deep peroneal nerve

280
Q

flexor digitorum brevis – origin

A

calcaneus

281
Q

flexor digitorum brevis – insertion

A

middle phalanges of toes 2 - 5

282
Q

flexor digitorum brevis – action

A

flex middle phalanges of toes 2 - 5

283
Q

flexor digitorum brevis – nerve

A

tibial nerve (burning sensation on bottom of foot –> plantar fasciitis)

284
Q

plantar fasciitis + flexor digitorum brevis

A
  • inflammation of the plantar fascia, the connective tissue on the sole of the foot
  • often caused by overuse of the plantar fascia or arch tendon of the foot
  • aka “policeman’s heel”
285
Q

abductor hallucis – origin

A

calcaneus

286
Q

abductor hallucis – insertion

A

proximal phalanx of big toe

287
Q

abductor hallucis – action

A

abduct big toe

288
Q

abductor hallucis – nerve

A

tibial nerve

289
Q

abductor digiti minimi – origin

A

calcaneus

290
Q

abductor digiti minimi – insertion

A

proximal phalanx of little toe

291
Q

abductor digiti minimi – action

A

flex little toe (should be called the flexor digiti minimi)

292
Q

abductor digiti minimi – nerve

A

tibial nerve

293
Q

sesamoid bone of 1st metatarsal – location

A
  • located along plantar surface of foot
  • 1 to 2 sesamoid bones articulate w the metatarsal of big toe
  • sesamoids are embedded within tendon of flexor hallucis brevis
294
Q

sesamoid bone of 1st metatarsal – function

A
  • helps big toe have more flexion, for stability + strength
  • in general, sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot; functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect (patella is also a sesamoid bone)
295
Q

extensor hallucis brevis – location

A

dorsal surface of foot

296
Q

extensor hallucis brevis – origin

A

calcaneus

297
Q

extensor hallucis brevis – insertion

A

proximal phalanx of big toe

298
Q

extensor hallucis brevis – action

A

extend big toe

299
Q

extensor hallucis brevis – nerve

A

deep peroneal nerve

300
Q

flexor hallucis brevis – location

A

plantar surface of foot

301
Q

flexor hallucis brevis – origin

A
  • cuboid

- lateral cuneiform

302
Q

flexor hallucis brevis – insertion

A

proximal phalanx of big toe

303
Q

flexor hallucis brevis – action

A

flex big toe

304
Q

flexor hallucis brevis – nerve

A

tibial nerve

305
Q

quadratus plantae – location

A

plantar surface of foot

306
Q

quadratus plantae – origin

A

plantar surface of calcaneus

307
Q

quadratus plantae – insertion

A

flexor digitorum longus tendon

308
Q

quadratus plantae – action

A

flex toes 2 - 5

309
Q

quadratus plantae – nerve

A

tibial nerve

310
Q

lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – AKA

A

fibular collateral ligament

311
Q

lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – location

A
  • strong, thin strap that crosses knee joint

- runs from lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula

312
Q

lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – function

A
  • resists medial rotation of knee

- also stabilizes knee against genu varum stresses (often seen in bowlegged cowboys)

313
Q

medial collateral ligament (MCL) – AKA

A

tibial collateral ligament

314
Q

medial collateral ligament (MCL) – location

A
  • broad ligament lies superficial to joint capsule of knee

- deep to pes anserinus tendon

315
Q

medial collateral ligament (MCL) – function

A
  • resists medial rotation of knee

- also protects against genu valgum (knock-knee) stresses

316
Q

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – location

A

deep in the middle of the knee

317
Q

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – function

A
  • prevents tibia from moving anteriorly to femur
  • also prevents medial rotation of the tibia, in relation to the femur
  • athletes tear this when they hyperextend knee
318
Q

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) – location

A

deep in the middle of the knee (and works with ACL)

319
Q

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) – function

A
  • prevents tibia from moving posteriorly under femur
  • hyperflexion injuries tear PCL
  • skiers tear these easily since they prevent rotary movement of knee
320
Q

medial + lateral menisci of knee – location

A
  • fibrocartilagnous discs attached to tibial condyles

- helps round femoral condyles sit comfortably on flat tibial plateaus

321
Q

medial + lateral menisci of knee – function

A
  • responsible for shock absorption
  • increases surface area, distributes weight, and reduces friction
  • moves sinovial fluid around in knee
322
Q

deltoid ligament of ankle – location

A
  • medial side of ankle
  • made up of 4 ligaments forming a triangle (seriously strong ligament!)
  • connects talus, calcaneus + medial malleolus
323
Q

deltoid ligament of ankle – function

A
  • allows 5 degrees of eversion

- sprains here are often in conjunction with avulsion fracture

324
Q

4 deltoid ligaments of ankle (names)

A
  1. posterior tibiotalar
  2. tibiocalcaneal
  3. anterior tibiotalar
  4. tibionavicular
325
Q

lateral collateral ligaments of ankle – location

A
  • lateral side of ankle
326
Q

lateral collateral ligaments of ankle – function

A
  • stabilize distal end of fibula to calcaneus + talus
  • 3 ligaments that are most often torn during ankle sprains (bc nowhere near as strong as deltoid ligament on ankle’s medial side + most vulnerable when foot is inverted and plantar flexed)
327
Q

3 lateral collateral ligaments of ankle (names)

A
  1. anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) (most commonly torn)
  2. posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
  3. calcaneofibular ligament
328
Q

extensor retinacula of ankle – location

A

crosses front of ankle

329
Q

extensor retinacula of ankle – function

A

supports tendons of extensor muscles

330
Q

posterior tibial artery

A
  • pulse can be felt inferior + posterior to medial malleolus
331
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A
  • pulse can be felt bw 1st + 2nd metatarsal bones along dorsal side of foot
  • where the extensor hallucis endon is on dorsal foot

anatomy 1B (9 decks)

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