final exam anatomy 1 - Sheet1 Flashcards
intercostals – general description
- attach adjacent ribs
- fibers of external + internal intercostals run perpendicular to each other (and can be visualized as extensions of the external + internal oblique myo)
intercostals – origin
inferior border of the rib above
intercostals – insertion
superior border of the rib below
intercostals – nerve
thoracic nerve
external intercostals – action
- assist w/ INhalation
- draw ribs superiorly to increase space of thoracic cavity
internal intercostals – action
- assist w/ EXhalation
- draw ribs inferiorly to decrease space of thoracic cavity
intertransversarii – general description
these small, short myo span b/w the TVP’s of cervical + lumbar vertebrae (but NOT in thoracic area, which is less mobile)
intertransversarii – origin + insertion
origin + insertion are the same!
- spanning TVP’s of C-2 thru C-7 (all cervical vert except C-1)
- spanning TVP’s of L-1 to L-5 (all lumbar vert)
intertransversarii – action
- laterally flex vert. column to same side (unilaterally)
- extend the vert. column (bilaterally)
intertransversarii – nerve
spinal nerve
interspinalis – general description
small, short myo span b/w spinous processes of cervical + lumbar vertebrae, plus a few thoracic vertebrae
interspinalis – origin + insertion
origin + insertion are the same!
- spanning spinous processes of C-2 thru T-3 (does not include C-1)
- spanning spinous processes of T-12 to L-5 (all lumbar vert, plus T-12)
interspinalis – action
extends the vertebral column
interspinalis – nerve
spinal nerve
ligamentum nuchae – location
- sheet of connective tissue in the neck
- runs along sagittal plane from EOP to spinous process of C-7
ligamentum nuchae – function
- main function is to stabilize head + neck
- also an attachment site for myo like trapezius + splenius capitus (since cervical spinous processes do not extend far enough for these superficial myo to attach)
transverse ligament of atlas – location
- thick, strong band that spans the anterior arch of the atlas, posterior to the dens (odontoid process of axis)
transverse ligament of atlas – function
- holds the dens (odontoid process of axis) in place
- keeps it from going into the spinal chord
- very important in SIDS research *
anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) – location
continuous sheet from C-3 to L-5 that covers anterior 1/3 of body of vertebrae
anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) – function
- very strong
- prevents extreme extension (back-bending)
- prevents anterior herniation of discs
posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) – location
continuous sheet from C-3 to L-5 that covers posterior body of vertebrae
posterior longitudinal ligament – function
not as strong as ALL (that’s why we have more spinal flexion than spinal extension)
ligamentum flavum – location
- attaches lamina of vertebra above to lamina of vertebra below (therefore bilateral)
- from C-2 thru L-1
interspinous ligament – location
- attaches spinous process of vertebra above to spinous process of vertebra below
- as opposed to supraspinous ligament, which attaches TIPS of adjacent spinous processes
supraspinous ligament
- continuous sheet that connects tips of spinous processes of thoracic + lumbar vertebrae
- extends inferiorly from ligamentum nuchae
fontanelle
space b/w skull bones that is present in babies, but fuses together during development
sutures (aka sutural joint)
joint b/w bones of skull (zig zig pattern looks like stitches)
cranial bones – range of motion
- cranial bones (or bones of the skull) are classified as immovable
- but they are slightly movable (i.e. craniosacral therapy)
frontal bone – location
- forms forehead + upper rim of eye sockets
- considered one of the hardest bones
frontal bone – bony landmarks
- orbit of the eye = eye socket
- supraorbital ridges = ridge at top of eye, under eyebrow (ocular cardial reflex)
coronal suture (aka frontal suture)
where frontal bone meets parietal bones
parietal bones – location
- 2 parietal bones, forming top + sides of skull
- largest bones in skull
sagittal suture
at body’s midline between 2 parietal bones
occiput bone – location
at posterior, inferior part of skull
occiput – bony landmarks
- external occipital protuberance (EOP) and, by implication, internal occipital protuberance (IOP)
- superior nuchal lines (at level of EOP) = attachment site for myo
- inferior nuchal lines (below superior nuchal lines)
- foramen magnum = big hole in occiput that sits on top of atlas
lambdoid suture
- where occiput meets each of the parietal bones
- shaped like the Greek letter lambda (upside down “V”)
temporal bone – location
- 2 temporal bones encompass area around ear
- lie posterior to temples (though it’s named “temporal”)
temporal bone – bony landmarks
- mastoid process = large bump behind earlobe
- zygomatic arch = cheekbone
- styloid process = behind earlobe, between mastoid process + posterior edge of mandible
- external auditory meatus (EAM) and, by implication, internal auditory meatus
temporo mandibular joint (TMJ)
- where mandible articulates w/ temporal bone
- most frequently used joint in body (speaking, eating)
- TMJ syndrome may be due to destruction or wearing out of articular disc of TMJ
sphenoid bone – location
- located inside skull, but can be palpated anterior to temporal bones
- shaped like a swallow tailed butterfly
sphenoid bone – unique quality
sphenoid is KEYSTONE of skull bc every skull bone articulates with sphenoid bone
facial bones
- nasal bones
- zygomatic bones
- maxillary bones
zygomatic bone – location
aka “cheekbone”, forms anterior aspect of zygomatic arch + lateral portion of eye orbit
zygomatic arch
- half temporal bone, half zygomatic bone
- is the bridge that connects + includes the zygomatic process of temporal bone + temporal process of zygomatic bone
ethmoid bone – location
inside eye, on medial side of orbit
lacrimal bones – location
inside eye; have little holes called lacrimal ducts (aka lacrimal foramen)
nasal bones – location
bridge of nose, before nasal cartilage
maxilla bone – location
forms center of face, inferior portion of eye orbit, surface around nose + upper jaw in which upper row of teeth articulate
maxilla – bony landmarks
- includes top row of teeth + hard palate at roof of mouth
- articulates with zygomatic bone (cheekbone)
mandible bone – location
- bottom of mouth + jaw
- articulates with temporal bone
mandible – unique quality
the only movable bone of skull (makes chewing possible)
mandible – bony landmarks
- head, neck
- condyle = superficial portion of head
- body = flat surface inferior to lower teeth
- base = “jaw line” or edge of body
- submandibular fossa = underside of mandible; attachement site for suprahyod myo
- angle = located at posterior end of base
- ramus = flat, posterior, vertical portion of mandible
- mental foramen = hole for nerve
- coronoid process (inaccessible when jaw closed)
- pterygoid fossa of head (where lidocaine is injected)
hyoid bone – location
- horseshoe-shaped bone located superior to thyroid cartilage
- elevates upon swallowing
hyoid – bony landmarks
- greater horn (2)
- lesser horn (2)
- body
hyoid – unique quality
- does not articulate with any other bone
- fractured hyoid can cause death (related to strangulation)
choana
2 holes inferior to vomer bone that form nasal passage
lateral + medial pterygoid plates
- part of the sphenoid bone, forms sides of choana
- pterygoid myo attaches here
vomer bone
- makes a roof for the choana
- a thin flat bone forming the inferior + posterior part of the nasal septum + dividing the nostrils
palatine bone
end of hard palate (behind hard palate)
sella turcica – location
- inside skull
- intersection of the greater + lesser wings of sphenoid
- saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
- “turk’s saddle”
sella turcica – function
- protects pituitary gland
- location for optic chiasm (where nerves from L + R eyes cross)
cribiform plate – location
- part of ethmoid bone
- located inside skull, directly above nasal passage
cribiform plate – function
- grooves on either side of the cribiform plate support the olfactory bulb and are perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves
crista galli – location
- ridge of bone that projects upward from the middle line of the cribiform plate
- “rooster’s comb”
crista galli – function
- where olfactory cranial nerves extend to nose
cranial nerves vs spinal nerves
- cranial nerves come directly from brain
- spinal lnerves emerge from spinal cord
trachea – aka
“windpipe”
trachea – location
- center of anterior neck
- ribbed, cartilaginous tube roughly 1” diameter
- deep to thyroid gland
trachea – includes
superior to inferior:
- hyoid bone
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- thyroid gland + isthmus
- tracheal rings
hyoid bone
- horseshoe-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone (“hyoid” = U-shaped)
- located parallel to base of mandible (jawline) and C-3 or C-4, superior to thyroid cartilage
- accessible + elevates upon swallowing
- attachment site for suprahyoid + infrahyoid myo
thyroid cartilage
- aka “Adam’s apple”
- located below chin, inferior to hyoid but superior to cricoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
- the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea (“cricoid” = ring shaped)
- is slightly larger than other trachael rings
- located just inferior to thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
- attachment site for myo, cartilage + ligaments involved in opening/closing of airway + in speech production
thyroid gland
- two glands (L + R) that are connected by isthmus
- controls how quickly the body uses energy + makes proteins
- controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones
isthmus
- bridge connecting 2 lobes of the thyroid
- located inferior to cricoid cartilage
tracheal rings
- pliable but tough to maintain and open airway
- wraps 3/4 way around trachea (membrane closes at back)
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – location
- located on lateral, anterior neck
- large belly w/ 2 heads (flate clavicular head + slender sternal head)
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – origin
- top of manubrium (sternal head)
- medial 1/3 of clavical (clavicular head)
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – insertion
mastoid proess of temporal bone
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – action
- laterally flex head + neck to same side (unilaterally)
- rotate head + neck to opposite side (unilaterally)
- flex neck (bilaterally)
(shaking head no + nodding yes; cocking ear to listen)
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) – nerve
spinal accessory nerve (also nerve for trapezius) (aka cranial nerve XI)
(SCM + upper fibers of traps begin as one myo in embryo and split during development)
scalenes – location
- sandwiched b/w SCM + anterior flap of trapezius on the lateral, anterior neck
scalenes – names
- anterior scalene - lies partially tucked beneath SCM
- middle scalene - slightly larger, lies lateral to anterior scalene
- posterior scalene - deeper, smaller, b/w middle scalene + levator scapula
scalenes – origin
- anterior: TVP’s of C-3 to C-6
- middle: TVP’s of C-2 to C-7 (longer)
- posterior: TVP’s of C-6 and C-7 (shortest)
scalenes – insertion
- anterior + middle: 1st rib
- posterior: 2nd rib
scalenes – action
- laterally flex head + neck to same side (unilaterally)
- rotate head + neck to opposite side (unilaterally)
- flex head + neck (bilaterally – anterior scalenes only)
brachial plexus + relation to scalenes
- large branches of brachial plexus (group of nerves) pass thru small gap b/w anterior + middle scalenes, and run down arm (one of the branches, musculocutaneous nerve, goes thru coracobrachialis myo)
- compression or impingement of brachial plexus or one of its nerves can send a sharp, shooting sensation or numbness down arm
subclavian artery + relation to scalenes
- subclavian artery passes thru small gap b/w anterior + middle scalenes, and sends blood to arms
- passes b/w rib 1 + clavicle, so thoracic outlet syndrome could be harmful
masseter – location
- located on side of mandible
- consists of 2 overlapping bellies
masseter – function
- strongest myo in body relative to size
- primary chewing myo
- also used in speaking + swallowing
masseter – origin
zygomatic arch
masseter – insertion
angle + ramus of mandible
masseter – action
elevate mandible (at TMJ)
masseter – nerve
trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (aka cranial nerve 5)
trigeminal nerve – 3 branches
- opthalmic branch
- maxillary branch
- mandibular branch
temporalis – location
- covers almost all of temporal bone (can palpate at temple area when teeth are clenched)
- fibers reach under zygomatic arch to connect at coronoid process
temporalis – origin
temporal fossa (almost all of temporal bone; some of parietal and frontal bone)
temporalis – insertion
- coronoid process of mandible
- anterior edge of ramus of mandible
temporalis – action
elevate mandible (at TMJ)
temporalis – nerve
trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (aka cranial nerve 5)
suprahyoids – location
- located on underside of jaw, superior to hyoid bone
- stretch from edge of mandible to hyoid
- used for chewing, swallowing, speaking
suprahyoids – names
- geniohyoid (“genion” = chin)
- mylohyod (largest)
- stylohyoid (almost parallel to posterior belly of digastric)
suprahyoids – origin
- geniohyoid + mylohyoid: underside of mandible (though geniohyoid is smaller + just alongside midline of chin)
- stylohyoid: styloid process of temporal bone
suprahyoids – insertion
hyoid bone
suprahyoids – action
- elevate hyoid + tongue
- depress mandible (at TMJ)
infrahyoids – location
- located on anterior neck, superficial to trachea
- all 4 myo function as antagonists to suprahyoids
infrahyoids – names
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
- omohyoid (“omos” = shoulder)
infrahyoids – origin
- sternohyoid + sternothyroid: top of manubrium
- thyrohyoid: thyroid cartilage
- omohyoid: scapula (“omos” = shoulder)
infrahyoids – insertion
- sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid: hyoid bone
- sternothyroid: thyroid cartilage
infrahyoids – action
depress hyoid + thyroid cartilage
platysma – location
- thin, superficial sheath spanning anterior neck from mandible to chest
- integumentary myo that are embedded in superficial fascia + attach to skin + overlying myo (instead of connecting to bones)
- (in other mammals, a similar sheet of myo lies on the back)
platysma – origin
fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major
platysma – insertion
base of mandible
platysma – action
- tighten fascia of neck
- draw down corner of mouth (as in a frown or pout)
- creates infamous “Creature from the Black Lagoon” expression
platysma – nerve
cranial nerve VII (dysfunction leads to Bell’s Palsy)
occipitofrontalis – location
4 bellies (2 left and 2 right) that are attached by same tendon (galea aponeurosis, a broad sheath of connective tissue stretching across top of cranium)
occipitofrontalis – names
- frontalis
- occipitalis
occipitofrontalis – origin
galea aponeurosis (for both myos)
occipitofrontalis – insertion
- frontalis: skin superior to eyebrows
- occipitalis: superior nuchal line of occiput
occipitofrontalis – action
- raise eyebrows + wrinkle forehead (frontalis)
- anchor + retract galea posteriorly (occipitalis)
occipitofrontalis – nerve
cranial nerve VII (dysfunction leads to Bell’s Palsy)
medial and lateral pterygoids – location
- medial pterygoid located on interior side of mandible (shape + position mirror masseter myo)
- both myos can be accessed through the mouth
- both myos assist masseter + temporalis w/ movement of mandible
lateral pterygoids – significance
important bc attaches to TMJ (can massage this myo to relieve TMJ syndrome)
medial pterygoid – origin
- lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
- tuberosity of maxilla
medial pterygoid – insertion
medial surface of ramus of mandible
medial pterygoid – action
- laterally deviate mandible to opposite side (unilaterally)
- elevate + protract mandible (bilaterally)
medial pterygoid – nerve
trigeminal nerve (aka cranial nerve 5)
lateral pterygoid – origin
- crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone (superior head)
- lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone (inferior head)
lateral pterygoid – insertion
- articular disc + capsule of TMJ
- neck of mandible
lateral pterygoid – action
- laterally deviate mandible to opposite side (unilaterally)
- protract mandible (bilaterally)
lateral pterygoid – nerve
trigeminal nerve (aka cranial nerve 5)
myo that elevate the mandible
- masseter
- temporalis
- medial pterygoid
myo that depress the mandible
- geniohyoid
- mylohyoid
- stylohyoid
- digastric (w/ hyoid fixed)
- platysma (assists)
myo that protract the mandible
- lateral pterygoid
- medial pterygoid
- masseter (assists)
myo that retract the mandible
- temporalis
- digastric
buccinator – location
bilateral myo located at center of cheek, on either side of corners of mouth
buccinator – action
- blowing, sucking
- visually can produce small dimple at cheek center
- puffing up cheeks will stretch buccinators
orbicularis oris – location
single, strong, sphincter myo that encircles mouth
orbicularis oris – action
- essential for speech + eating (closes mouth + shaping lips)
- indispensible to woodwind players
- can either narrow or protrude lips
common carotid artery – location
- ascends anterior, lateral neck
- lies deep to SCM + infrahyoid myo
common carotid artery – function
- primary supplier of blood to head + neck
- strong pulse can be felt medial to SCM at level of hyoid
facial nerve – location
- aka cranial nerve VII
- from tragus (ear), branches off + spreads across the face, scalp, neck
- often 2 or more branches of facial nerve cross superficially over zygomatic arch
facial nerve – function + dysfunction
- important to know its location due to proximity to other palpable structures on side of face
- lesion/injury of facial nerve can lead to Bell’s Palsy
vertebral artery – location
- branches off subclavian artery
- ascends neck thru transverse foramen of C-6 to C-1
- passes thru foramen magnum of occiput
vertebral artery – function
supplies blood to brain + spinal cord
parotid gland – location
- bilaterally located in front of earlobe, superficial to masseter myo
- has a soft, lumpy surface
- penetrated by facial nerve branches
parotid gland – function + dysfunction
- largest salivary gland
- parotitis (i.e. mumps) is when this gland is inflamed (and causes gerbil cheeks)
brachial plexus – location
- exits from TVP’s of C-5 to T-1
- squeezes between anterior + middle scalenes
- continues inferiorly + laterally underneath clavicle to axillary
brachial plexus – function
- large bundle of nerves that innervates shoulder + upper extremity
- compressing or impinging one of nerves in bundle can create a sharp, shooting sensation down arm
brachial plexus – nerve roots
consists only of nerve roots C-5, C-5, C-7, C-8, and T-1
3 parts of pelvis
- sacrum
- coccyx
- two hip bones
3 parts of hip bone
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
female vs. male pelvis
female pelvis is broader for carrying + delivering child:
- wider iliac crest
- larger pelvic “bowl”
- greater distance b/w ischial tuberosities
pubis – bony landmarks
- superior ramus of pubis
- inferior ramus of pubis
- pectineal line
- pubic tubercles (L+R join at pubic crest)
- symphyseal surfaces (L+R join at pubic symphysis)
- pubic symphysis
ischium – bony landmarks
- ischial tuberosity (“sitting bones”)
- ramus of iscium (no superior + inferior ramus like on the pubis)
- lesser sciatic notch
- ischial spine (b/w greater + lesser sciatic notch)
ilium – bony landmarks
- iliac crest (b/w ASIS + PSIS)
- iliac tubercle (approx. 2 inches posterior to ASIS on the iliac crest)
- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
- posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
- posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
- greater sciatic notch
- obturator foramen (big hole)
medial ilium (inside) – bony landmarks
- iliac fossa (the “bowl” part inside)
- articular suface for sacrum (“boot-shaped”)
lateral ilium (outside) – bony landmarks
- anterior gluteal line
- posterior gluteal line
- inferior gluteal line
- acetabulum (socket where femur articulates)
- lunate surface of acetabulum (croissant-shaped)
“butt dimples” – location
PSIS
sockets for femur – name + location
acetabulum, located on lateral side of hip bone
ischial tuberosity – AKA
“sitting bones”
hip joint – official name
coxal joint (ball-and socket)
sacrum and coccyx – # of fused vertebrae
- 4 or 5 fused vertebrae in sacrum
- 3 or 4 fused bones in coccyx
sacrum – bony landmarks
- median sacral crest (where spinous processes are located)
- lateral sacral crest (remnants of TVP’s, one on each side of median sacral crest)
- posterior sacral foramen (holes on eather side of median sacral crest, as seen from back)
- anterior sacral foramen (holes seen from front of body)
- transverse ridges (remnants of intervertebral discs of sacral vert., visible from anterior sacrum)
- sacral promontory
femur – proximal bony landmarks
- head, neck
- fovea of head (site of nerve, artery + ligament entry/exit for head of femur)
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- intertrochanteric line (anterior, b/w greater + lesser trochanter)
- intertrochanteric crest (posterior)
- trochanteric fossa (more accessible from posterior)
- gluteal tuberosity (distal to posterior surface of greater trochanter)
- pectineal line (distal to posterior surface of lesser trochanter)
femur – bony landmarks of shaft
- shaft
- medial lip of linea aspera
- lateral lip of linea aspera
“linea” = line; “aspera” = rough
femur – distal bony landmarks
- patellar surface (anterior)
- medial condyle / lateral condyle
- medial epicondyle / lateral epicondyle
- medial supracondylar line / lateral supracondylar line
- adductor tubercle (medial side, superior to medial epicondyle)
- intercondylar fossa (posterior, b/w two condyles) (“knee pit”)
femur – how to tell L + R
- knobby condyles are behind the knee
- they stick out of back/posterior
patella articulates with…
femur only
tibia vs. fibula
- fibula is thinnest bone in proportion to length
- fibula is lateral to tibia (think “fibulateral”)
- tibia = medial malleolus
- fibula = lateral malleolus
tibia – proximal bony landmarks
- lateral condyle / medial condyle (at knee)
- intercondylar tubercles (attachment site for cruciate ligaments)
- tibial tuberosity (anterior; attachment for quads)
- pes anserinus (medial to tibial tuberosity; attachment for myo)
- groove for insertion of semimembranosus tendon (posterior) **
- soleal line (for soleus myo)
- shaft
tibia – distal bony landmarks
- medial malleolus (inner ankle bone)
- fibular groove of tibia
fibula – bony landmarks
(bottom more flat; top more bulbous)
- lateral malleolus (outer ankle bone)
- head
- shaft
patella – bony landmarks
- base (proximal)
- apex (distal)
4 myo in quadriceps femoris group
- rectus femoris (central, superficial, crosses 2 joints)
- vastus medialis (medial)
- vastus lateralis (lateral)
- vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)
quadriceps femoris – origins
- rectus femoris: AIIS
- vastus medialis: medial lip of linea aspera
- vastus lateralis: lateral lip of linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity + greater trochanter
- vastus intermedius: anterior + lateral shaft of femur
quadriceps femoris – insertion
- tibial tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament)
- (all four quad myos converge into a single tendon above knee; that tendon connects to the top and sides of patella before attaching to tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament)
- (because the tendon attaches one bone to another – the patella to the tibia – it is actually considered a ligament)
quadriceps femoris – actions
- ALL: extend knee
- rectus femorus only: flex the hip
quadriceps femoris – nerve
femoral nerve
osgood schlatter’s disease
- avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity (avulsion fracture is when myo pulls a piece of bone with it when the bone fractures)
- pulls tibial tuberosity away from tibia (common in kids bc their bones are softer and not fully ossified)
4 hamstrings myo
- biceps femoris (long head + short head)
- semitendinosus (superficial to the semimembranosus)
- semimembranosus (wider and deeper than semitendinosus)
hamstrings – common origin
ischial tuberosity (for all except the short head of biceps femoris)
biceps femoris – origin
- ischial tuberosity (long head)
- lateral lip of linea aspera, on shaft of femur (short head)
biceps femoris – insertion
head of fibula
biceps femoris – action
- flex knee
- laterally rotate flexed knee
- extend hip (long head only)
biceps femoris – nerve
sciatic nerve (largest nerve of body girth-wise)
semitendinosus – origin
ischial tuberosity
semitendinosus – insertion
pes anserinus tendon
conjoined tendons of 3 myo including sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus, at proximal medial shaft of tibia
semitendinosus – actions
same actions as semimembranosus:
- flex knee
- medially rotate flexed knee
- extend hip
- tilt pelvis posteriorly
semitendinosus – nerve
sciatic nerve (largest nerve of body girth-wise)
semimembranosus – origin
ischial tuberosity
semimembranosus – insertion
medial condyle of tibia (posterior aspect)
semimembranosus – actions
same actions as semitendinosus:
- flex knee
- medially rotate flexed knee
- extend hip
- tilt pelvis posteriorly
semimembranosus – nerve
sciatic nerve (largest nerve of body girth-wise)
3 gluteal myos
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteaus minimus
gluteal myos – general function
strong extensors and abductors of hip
gluteus maximus – origin
- coccyx
- edge of sacrum
- posterior iliac crest
gluteus maximus – insertion
- iliotibial tract
- gluteal tuberosity
gluteus maximus – actions
- extend hip
- laterally rotate hip
- abduct hip
- adduct hip (lower fibers only)
gluteus medius – AKA
- “deltoid myo of the hip joint”
- has anterior and posterior fibers
gluteus medius – origin
gluteal surface of ilium
gluteus medius – insert
neck of femur / lateral aspect of greater trochanter
gluteus medius – actions
- ALL fibers: abduct hip
- anterior fibers: flex, medially rotate hip
- posterior fibers: extend, laterally rotate hip
gluteus minimus – origin
gluteal surface of ilium (deep to gluteus medius)
gluteus minimus – insertion
greater trochanter
gluteus minimus – actions
- abduct hip
- medially rotate hip
- flex hip
iliotibial tract (IT band)
- a fibrous band; site for myo attachments
- attached to 2 myo in pelvis: gluteus maximus + TFL
- IT band keeps thigh myo pressed together and compacted (like spandex)
gluteal myos – nerves
kind of backwards:
- inferior gluteal nerve (gluteus maximus)
- superior gluteal nerve (gluteus medius + minimus)
calcaneus
- hard bone that forms heel of foot
- located beneth talus + projects 2 inches posteriorly from malleoli
tarsals of foot
lateral to medial:
- cuboid
- navicular
- lateral/ middle/ medial cuneiforms
bones at arch of foot
metatarsals (1st thru 5th)
toe bones
- proximal phalanges
- middle phalanges (no middle phalanx on big toe)
- distal phalanges
talus
- sits on top of tarsals
- where tibia + fibula come together at lateral + medial malleolus
- “true” hinge joint
plantar flexion
- come onto tiptoes
- (antagonist to dorsiflexion)
dorsiflexion
- with heel on ground, life ball of foot towards knee
- (antagonist to plantar flexion)
inversion
- bring sole of foot towards midline (like cobbler’s pose)
- (antagonist to eversion)
eversion
- bring sole of foot laterally
- (antagonist to inversion)
flexion of 2nd thru 5th toes
- curl toes towards sole of foot
extension of 2nd thru 5th toes
- life toes towards knee
2 calf muscles
- gastrocnemius
2. soleus
nerve for calf muscles
tibial nerve
calcaneal tendon – aka
Achilles tendon
calcaneal tendon – location
attach calf myo (gastrocnemius + soleus) to hell (calcaneus)
calcaneal tendon – function
keeps calf myo attached to heel, so they don’t slide up calves
gastrocnemius – general location
- has 2 heads that cross 2 joints (knee + ankle)
- superficial + thin (compared ot the thicker soleus)
gastrocnemius – origin
condyles of femur (posterior surfaces)
gastrocnemius – insertion
calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
gastrocnemius – actions
- flex knee
- plantar flex ankle
soleus – unique quality + origin of name
- this myo has a sheen like sole fish + is shaped like sole fish
- “soleus” = sole fish
soleus – general location
- deep to gastrocnemius
- medial + lateral fibers bulge from sides of calf + extend further distal than gastrocnemius’ heads
soleus – origin
- soleal line + posterior surface of tibia
- head of fibula
soleus – insertion
calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
soleus – action
plantar flex ankle
popliteus – general location
- located in popliteal space
- deepest myo of posterior knee
- has small, short belly w diagnoal fibers
popliteus – function
vital in “unlocking” the knee joint from an extended position
popliteus – origin
lateral condyle of femur
popliteus – insertion
posterior aspect of tibia
popliteus – actions
- medially rotate flexed knee
- flex knee
popliteus – nerve
tibial nerve
2 peroneal muscles (aka fibularis muscles)
- peroneus longus
2. peroneus brevis
general location of peroneal muscles
slender myo are located on lateral side of fibula (thus, called fibularis myo)
nerve for peroneal muscles
superficial peroneal nerve
peroneus longus – origin
- head of fibula
- proximal half of lateral fibula
peroneus longus – insertion
via outer edge + sole of foot:
- base of 1st metatarsal
- medial cuneiform
peroneus longus – action
evert foot
peroneus brevis – origin
distal half of lateral fibula
peroneus brevis – insertion
tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
peroneus brevis – action
evert foot
3 extensors of ankle + toes
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
general location of extensors of ankle + toes
- located at anterior aspect of shin between shift of tibia + peroneal myo
- tendons cross beneath extensor retinacula
- tibialis anterior is the largest, most superficial, and most clearly isolated one in the group
nerve for extensors of ankle + toes
- deep peroneal nerve (tibialis anterior + extensor hallucis longus)
- peroneal nerve (extensor digitorum longus)
tibialis anterior – origin
- lateral condyle of tibia
- lateral surface of tibia
tibialis anterior – insertion
via arch of foot:
- medial cuneiform
- base of 1st metatarsal
tibialis anterior – actions
- invert foot
- dorsiflex ankle
extensor digitorum longus – origin
- lateral condyle of tibia
- anterior shaft of fibula
extensor digitorum longus – insertion
middle + distal phalanges of toes 2 thru 5
extensor digitorum longus – actions
- extend toes 2 thru 5
- dorsiflex ankle
- evert foot
extensor hallucis longus – origin
anterior surface of fibula
extensor hallucis longus – insertion
distal phalanx of big toe
extensor hallucis longus – actions
- extend big toe
- dorsiflex ankle
- invert foot
extensor retinacula
holds extensors of ankle + toes in place at anterior ankle
3 flexors of ankle + foot
- tibialis posterior
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
nerve for flexors of ankle + foot
tibial nerve
tibialis posterior – origin
posterior shaft of tibia + fibula
tibialis posterior – insertion
- all 5 tarsal bones
- bases of metatarsals 2 - 4
tibialis posterior – action
- invert foot
- plantar flex ankle
flexor digitorum longus – origin
posterior surface of tibia
flexor digitorum longus – insertion
distal phalanges 2 - 5
flexor digitorum longus – action
- flex toes 2 - 5
- invert foot
flexor hallucis longus – origin
posterior fibula
flexor hallucis longus – insertion
distal phalanx of big toe
flexor hallucis longus – action
- flex big toe
- invert foot
3 arches in foot
- medial longitudinal (calcaneus to hallucis)
- lateral longitudinal (calcaneus to 5th metatarsal)
- transverse (base of the 1st and 5th metatarsals)
4 muscles of foot
- extensor digitorum brevis
- flexor digitorum brevis
- abductor hallucis
- abductor digiti minimi
general location of muscles of foot
- dorsal surface: extensor digitorum brevis (deep to extensor digitorum longus)
- plantar surface myo lie side-by-side:
> flexor digitorum brevis exends down center of foot from calcaneus to phalanges
> abductor hallucis is on big toe side of plantar surface
> abductor digiti minimi s on little toe side of plantar surface
nerves of muscles of foot
- tibial nerve (for myo on plantar surface)
- deep peroneal (for extensor digitorum brevis only)
extensor digitorum longus – origin
calcaneus (dorsal surface of)
extensor digitorum longus – insertion
toes 2 - 4 via extensor digitorum longus tendons
extensor digitorum longus – action
extend phalanges 2 - 4
extensor digitorum longus – nerve
deep peroneal nerve
flexor digitorum brevis – origin
calcaneus
flexor digitorum brevis – insertion
middle phalanges of toes 2 - 5
flexor digitorum brevis – action
flex middle phalanges of toes 2 - 5
flexor digitorum brevis – nerve
tibial nerve (burning sensation on bottom of foot –> plantar fasciitis)
plantar fasciitis + flexor digitorum brevis
- inflammation of the plantar fascia, the connective tissue on the sole of the foot
- often caused by overuse of the plantar fascia or arch tendon of the foot
- aka “policeman’s heel”
abductor hallucis – origin
calcaneus
abductor hallucis – insertion
proximal phalanx of big toe
abductor hallucis – action
abduct big toe
abductor hallucis – nerve
tibial nerve
abductor digiti minimi – origin
calcaneus
abductor digiti minimi – insertion
proximal phalanx of little toe
abductor digiti minimi – action
flex little toe (should be called the flexor digiti minimi)
abductor digiti minimi – nerve
tibial nerve
sesamoid bone of 1st metatarsal – location
- located along plantar surface of foot
- 1 to 2 sesamoid bones articulate w the metatarsal of big toe
- sesamoids are embedded within tendon of flexor hallucis brevis
sesamoid bone of 1st metatarsal – function
- helps big toe have more flexion, for stability + strength
- in general, sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot; functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect (patella is also a sesamoid bone)
extensor hallucis brevis – location
dorsal surface of foot
extensor hallucis brevis – origin
calcaneus
extensor hallucis brevis – insertion
proximal phalanx of big toe
extensor hallucis brevis – action
extend big toe
extensor hallucis brevis – nerve
deep peroneal nerve
flexor hallucis brevis – location
plantar surface of foot
flexor hallucis brevis – origin
- cuboid
- lateral cuneiform
flexor hallucis brevis – insertion
proximal phalanx of big toe
flexor hallucis brevis – action
flex big toe
flexor hallucis brevis – nerve
tibial nerve
quadratus plantae – location
plantar surface of foot
quadratus plantae – origin
plantar surface of calcaneus
quadratus plantae – insertion
flexor digitorum longus tendon
quadratus plantae – action
flex toes 2 - 5
quadratus plantae – nerve
tibial nerve
lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – AKA
fibular collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – location
- strong, thin strap that crosses knee joint
- runs from lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula
lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – function
- resists medial rotation of knee
- also stabilizes knee against genu varum stresses (often seen in bowlegged cowboys)
medial collateral ligament (MCL) – AKA
tibial collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament (MCL) – location
- broad ligament lies superficial to joint capsule of knee
- deep to pes anserinus tendon
medial collateral ligament (MCL) – function
- resists medial rotation of knee
- also protects against genu valgum (knock-knee) stresses
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – location
deep in the middle of the knee
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – function
- prevents tibia from moving anteriorly to femur
- also prevents medial rotation of the tibia, in relation to the femur
- athletes tear this when they hyperextend knee
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) – location
deep in the middle of the knee (and works with ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) – function
- prevents tibia from moving posteriorly under femur
- hyperflexion injuries tear PCL
- skiers tear these easily since they prevent rotary movement of knee
medial + lateral menisci of knee – location
- fibrocartilagnous discs attached to tibial condyles
- helps round femoral condyles sit comfortably on flat tibial plateaus
medial + lateral menisci of knee – function
- responsible for shock absorption
- increases surface area, distributes weight, and reduces friction
- moves sinovial fluid around in knee
deltoid ligament of ankle – location
- medial side of ankle
- made up of 4 ligaments forming a triangle (seriously strong ligament!)
- connects talus, calcaneus + medial malleolus
deltoid ligament of ankle – function
- allows 5 degrees of eversion
- sprains here are often in conjunction with avulsion fracture
4 deltoid ligaments of ankle (names)
- posterior tibiotalar
- tibiocalcaneal
- anterior tibiotalar
- tibionavicular
lateral collateral ligaments of ankle – location
- lateral side of ankle
lateral collateral ligaments of ankle – function
- stabilize distal end of fibula to calcaneus + talus
- 3 ligaments that are most often torn during ankle sprains (bc nowhere near as strong as deltoid ligament on ankle’s medial side + most vulnerable when foot is inverted and plantar flexed)
3 lateral collateral ligaments of ankle (names)
- anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) (most commonly torn)
- posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
- calcaneofibular ligament
extensor retinacula of ankle – location
crosses front of ankle
extensor retinacula of ankle – function
supports tendons of extensor muscles
posterior tibial artery
- pulse can be felt inferior + posterior to medial malleolus
dorsalis pedis artery
- pulse can be felt bw 1st + 2nd metatarsal bones along dorsal side of foot
- where the extensor hallucis endon is on dorsal foot
