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Anatomy Semester 1 > MUSCLES OF FOREARM AND HAND > Flashcards

MUSCLES OF FOREARM AND HAND Flashcards

1
Q

what are the muscles of the forearm split into?

A

the anterior (flexor) compartment with superficial, intermediate and deep layers, and the posterior (extensor) compartment with a superficial and deep layer

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2
Q

what is an anagram for the anterior (flexor) compartment muscles?

A

PASS FAIL PASS FAIL BABY FIST PROPER PUNCH

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3
Q

name the 4 muscles of the superficial layer in the anterior compartment

A
  1. pronator teres
  2. flexor carpi radialis
  3. palmar longus
  4. flexor carpi ulnaris
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4
Q

where does the pronator teres originate and insert?

A

origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
insertion: distal lateral surface of radius

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5
Q

function of pronator teres?

A

pronation

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6
Q

where does the flexor carpi radialis originate and insert?

A

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
insertion: bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones

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7
Q

function of flexor carpi radialis?

A

flexion and abduction at wrist

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8
Q

where does the palmar longus originate and insert?

A

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
insertion: palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum of hand

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9
Q

palmar longus function?

A

flexion at wrist

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10
Q

where does the flexor carpi ulnaris originate and insert?

A

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, adjacent medial surface of olecranon and anteromedial portion of ulna
insertion: pisiform and hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal bone

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11
Q

function of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

flexion and adduction at wrist

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12
Q

what are the muscles of the superficial layer in the anterior compartment innervated by? exception?

A

median nerve C6-C7. flexor carpi ulnaris = ulnar nerve C8-T1

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13
Q

what is the muscle of the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

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14
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, adjacent anterior surfaces of radius and ulna
insertion: mid lateral surfaces of middle phalanges of fingers 2-5

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15
Q

innervation and main action of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

innervation: median nerve C7-T1

main action: flexes index, middle, ring, and little fingers

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16
Q

list the 3 muscles of the deep layer

A
  1. flexor digitorum profundus
  2. flexor pollicus longus
  3. pronator quadratus
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17
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

origin: medial aspect of coronoid process of ulna and superior 3/4 of anterior and medial surfaces of body of ulna
insertion: bases of distal phalanges of fingers 2-5

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18
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

origin: anterior shaft of radius, interosseous membrane
insertion: base of distal phalanx of the thumb

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19
Q

what is the origin and insertion of pronator quadratus?

A

origin: medial surface of distal portion of ulna
insertion: anterolateral surface of distal portion of radius

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20
Q

what is the innervation of the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment? exception?

A

median nerve C8-T1. flexor digitorum profundus = medial part is ulnar nerve C8-T1. lateral part is anterior interosseous branch of median nerve C8-T1

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21
Q

describe the functions of the 3 muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment

A
  1. flexor digitorum profundus = flexes index, middle, ring and little fingers
  2. flexor pollicis longus = flexes thumb
  3. pronator quadratus = pronation
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22
Q

how do i remember the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm?

A

NUMBER THEM 1-6

1 = odd one out 
2 = 2 muscles: longus and breves
4 = goes to the 4 fingers 
5 = little 5th finger
6 = left over — have a radialis so got to have an ulnaris too
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23
Q

list the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  1. brachoradialis
  2. extensor carpi radialis longus
  3. extensor carpi radialis brevis
  4. extensor digitorum
  5. extensor digiti minimi
  6. extensor carpi ulnaris
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24
Q

where do the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment all originate? exceptions?

A

all originate at lateral epicondyle of humerus except extensor carpi radialis longus and brachoradialis which originate at the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.

extensor digiti minimi (5) and extensor carpi ulnaris (6) originate at lateral epicondyle of humerus via common extensor tendon (6 via common extensor tendon and posterior border of ulna)

25
Q

what is the insertion, innervation and action of brachoradialis?

A
  • insertion: lateral aspect of styloid process of radius
  • innervation: radial nerve C5-C6
  • function: flexes forearm at elbow
26
Q

what is the insertion, innervation and action of extensor carpi radialis longus?

A
  • insertion: base of 2nd metacarpal bone
  • innervation: radial nerve C6-C7
  • main action: extension and abduction at wrist
27
Q

what is the insertion, innervation and action of extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A
  • insertion: base of 3rd metacarpal bone
  • innervation: radial nerve C6-C7
  • main action: extension and abduction at wrist
28
Q

what is the insertion, innervation and action of extensor digitorum?

A
  • insertion: posterior surfaces of phalanges, fingers 2-5
  • innervation: deep radial nerve C6-C8
  • main action: extension at finger joints and wrist
29
Q

what is the insertion, innervation and action of extensor digiti minimi?

A
  • insertion: posterior surface of proximal phalanx of finger 5
  • innervation: deep radial nerve C6-C8
  • main action: extension at joints of little finger
30
Q

name the 6 muscles in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A
  1. anconeus
  2. supinator
  3. extensor indicis
  4. abductor pollicis longus
  5. extensor pollicis longus
  6. extensor pollicis brevis
31
Q

what is the origin and insertion of anconeus?

A
  • origin: posterior aspect of lateral epicondyle of humerus

- insertion: olecranon of ulna

32
Q

what is the origin and insertion of supinator?

A
  • origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest, supinator fossa of ulna
  • insertion: anterolateral surface of radius
33
Q

what is the origin and insertion of extensor indicis?

A
  • origin: posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
  • insertion: extensor expansion of 2nd finger
34
Q

what is the origin and insertion of abductor pollicis longus?

A
  • origin: proximal dorsal surfaces of ulna and radius

- insertion: lateral margin of 1st metacarpal bone

35
Q

what is the origin and insertion of extensor pollicis longus?

A
  • origin: posterior and lateral surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
  • insertion: base at distal phalanx of thumb
36
Q

what is the origin and insertion of extensor pollicis brevis?

A
  • origin: posterior surface of distal half of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane
  • insertion: base of proximal phalanx of thumb
37
Q

what is the innervation for the deep muscles of the posterior compartment?

A

anconeus = radial nerve C7-C8

the rest = deep radial nerve (supinator and extensor pollicis longus C6-C8, abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis C6-C7, extensor indicis C7-C8)

38
Q

what muscles are in the ‘outcropping’ group of the deep layer?

A
  1. abductor pollicis longus
  2. extensor pollicis longus
  3. extensor pollicis brevis
39
Q

list the functions of the muscles in the deep layer of the posterior group

A
  1. anconeus = extension at elbow
  2. supinator = supination
  3. extensor indicis = extends index finger
  4. abductor pollicis longus = abducts and extends thumb at CMC joint
  5. extensor pollicis longus = extension of thumb
  6. extensor pollicis brevis = extension of thumb
40
Q

name the 3 thenar muscles

A
  1. opponens pollicis
  2. abductor pollicis brevis
  3. flexor pollicis brevis
41
Q

what are the thenar muscles innervated by?

A

median nerve C8-T1

42
Q

describe the functions of the thenar muscles

A
  1. opponens pollicis = opposes thumb towards other fingers
  2. abductor pollicis brevis = abducts the thumb at CMC joint
  3. flexor pollicis brevis = flexes thumb
43
Q

name the 3 hypothenar muscles

A
  1. opponens digiti minimi
  2. abductor digiti minimi
  3. flexor digiti minimi brevis
44
Q

what is the innervation for the hypothenar muscles?

A

deep branch of ulnar nerve C8-T1

45
Q

describe the functions of the hypothenar muscles

A
  1. opponens digiti minimi = opposes little finger towards thumb
  2. abductor digiti minimi = abducts little finger at MCP joint
  3. flexor digiti minimi brevis = flexes little finger at MCP joint
46
Q

what are the short muscles of the hand composed of?

A
  1. lumbricals (4) (1st lumbrical = index, 2nd lumbrical = middle etc)
  2. palmar interossei (3) (1st = index, 2nd = ring, 3rd = little)
  3. dorsal interossei (4) (1st = index, 2nd = middle etc)
47
Q

DAB the PAD

A

DORSAL interossei = ABduction

PALMAR interossei = ADduction

48
Q

innervation of short muscles - LOAF

A

LOAF = MEDIAN nerve (lateral 2 Lumbricals, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis)

the rest = ULNAR nerve

49
Q

name 2 other muscles of the palm and their functions

A
  1. palmaris brevis = wrinkles skin on hypothenar eminence and depends curvature of head - improves grip
  2. adductor pollicis = adductor of thumb
50
Q

what are the 3 main superficial veins of the forearm?

A

cephalic, median antebrachial, basilic (cephalic on outside, median along medial side, basilic down the middle)

51
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum?

A

= a strong, fibrous band that arches over the carpus, converting the deep groove on the front of the carpal bones into a tunnel = the carpal tunnel

52
Q

what is the carpal tunnel?

A

a fibrous passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the distal forearm to the middle compartment of the deep plane of the palm

53
Q

what does the flexor retinaculum protect?

A

the structures that transverse the carpal tunnel

54
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome and how does it occur?

A

when any of the 9 long flexor tendons passing through the carpal tunnel swells or degenerates, the canal narrows and often results in the median nerve getting entrapped or compressed

55
Q

what tendons pass through the carpal tunnel and where does the media nerve pass between?

A
  • flexor digitorum profundus (4 tendons)
  • flexor digitorum superficialis (4 tendons)
  • flexor pollicis longus (1 tendon)

the median nerve passes between the flexor digitorum profundus/superficialis tendons

56
Q

what is superficial to the carpal tunnel and flexor retinaculum?

A

the ulnar tunnel = where the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve pass through

57
Q

what is the snuff box?

A

a triangular depression found on the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the hand

58
Q

what tendons of the muscles form the borders of the snuff box?

A

SANDWICH — longus brevis longus

abductor pollicis longus (on outside as it abducts the thumb), extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus

Anatomy Semester 1 (15 decks)

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