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Anatomy Semester 1 > FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS > Flashcards

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the uterus?

A

= a thick-walled, pear-shaped, hollow muscular organ where the embryo and fetus develop

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2
Q

where does the nongravid uterus lie?

A

in the lesser pelvis with its body lying on the urinary bladder and its cervix between the urinary bladder and the rectum. Immediately posterosuperior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.

it is anteverted with respect to the vagina and anteflexed with respect to the cervix.

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3
Q

name the 3 parts of the uterus and where they are

A
  • fundus: farthest from the opening. top of the uterus, above the entry point of the uterine tubes
  • body: largest part of the uterus. usual site of implantation of the blastocyst
  • cervix: neck of the uterus, projects lower end into the vagina. cervical canal passes through (ectocervix (external os) and endocervical canal (internal os))
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4
Q

name the 3 tissue layers the fundus and body are composed of

A

peritoneum, myometrium, endometrium

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5
Q

what are the peritoneum, myometrium and the endometrium?

A
  • peritoneum: a double layered membrane, continuous with the abdominal peritoneum
  • myometrium: thick smooth muscle layer. cells of this layer undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in preparation to expel the fetus at birth
  • endometrium: inner mucous membrane lining the uterus, further divided into the deep stratum basalis and the superficial stratum functionalis. where blastocyst is implanted.
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6
Q

what is the difference between the deep stratum basalis and the superficial stratum functionalis?

A
  • deep stratum basalis = changes little throughout the menstrual cycle and is not shed at menstruation
  • superficial stratum functionalis = proliferates in response to oestrogens, and becomes secretory in response to progesterone. it is shed during menstruation and regulates from cells in the stratum basalis layer
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7
Q

broad ligament

A

a double layer of peritoneum, attaching the sides of the uterus to the pelvis. acts as mesentry for the uterus and contributes to maintaining its position.

offers little support but the neurovascular supply to the ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus pass between the folds of the peritoneum.

further divides into mesometrium , mesovarium and mesospalinx

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8
Q

round ligament

A

maintains anteverted position of the uterus. a remnant of the gubernaculum, extending from the uterine horns to the labia majora via the inguinal canal

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9
Q

ovarian ligament

A

joins the ovaries to the uterus

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10
Q

cardinal ligament

A

located at the base of the broad ligament. it extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls. contains the uterine artery and vein, also provides support to the uterus

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11
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

extends from the cervix to the sacrum — provides support

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12
Q

suspensory ligament

A

extends outwards from the ovary to the lateral abdominal wall. contains ovarian vessels and nerves

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13
Q

vascular supply of the uterus

A
  • uterine artery
  • uterine vein
  • lymphatic drainage via iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes
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14
Q

innervation of the uterus

A 
sympathetic = sacral splanchnic nerves
parasympathetic = pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
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15
Q

function and shape of the uterine tubes

A
  • conduct the oocyte
  • provide the usual site of implantation
  • lie in the mesosalpinx
  • divided into 4 parts: fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
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16
Q

describe the 4 parts of the uterine tubes

A
  • fimbriae = finger-like projections which capture the ovum from the surface of the ovary
  • infundibulum = funnel-shaped opening near the ovary to which the fimbriae are attached
    ampulla = widest section of the uterine tubes, where fertilisation usually occurs
  • isthmus = narrow section of the uterine tubes connecting the ampulla to the uterine cavity
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17
Q

vascular supply and lymphatics of the uterine tubes

A
  • uterine and ovarian arteries
  • uterine and ovarian veins
  • lumbar lymph nodes (aortic, sacral, iliac)
18
Q

innervation of the uterine tubes

A
  • sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic nerves (T12-L2)

- parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic (S2-S4) and vagus nerves

19
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterine tubes?

A
  • mucosa = highly folded, simple columnar epithelium with a thin lamina propria (supportive connective tissue), some cells ciliated and others secretory. Ensures the ovum is in contact with cilia so that it can be wafted towards the uterus
  • muscularis = consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal. purpose is peristalsis
  • serosa = extension of the broad ligament
20
Q

function, shape and location of the ovaries

A

= the female gonads

  • almond shaped and sized
  • where oocytes develop
  • produce sex steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone in response to LH and FSH
  • each ovary is suspended by the mesovarium
  • attached to the posterior surface of the broad ligament by the mesovarium
  • each ovary lies within the peritoneal cavity against the lateral wall of the pelvis in a depression called the ovarian fossa.
21
Q

3 layers of the ovaries

A
  • surface = simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium). underlying this layer is a dense connective tissue capsule (tunica albuginea)
  • cortex = compromised of a connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles. each follicle contains an oocyte, surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells
  • medulla = formed by loose connective tissue and a rich neurovascular network, which enters the hilium of the ovary
22
Q

vascular supply and lymphatic drainage of the ovaries

A
  • ovarian artery
  • ovarian veins. right to inferior vena cava, left to left renal vein
  • via para aortic lymph nodes to lumbar trunks. ovarian lymphatic vessels (lateral aortic nodes)
23
Q

innervation of the ovaries

A
  • S: greater and lesser thoracic and sacral splanchnic nerves
  • PS: pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
24
Q

vagina function, shape and location

A
  • a distensible muscular tube which extends posterosuperiorly from the external vaginal orifice to the cervix
  • roles = sexual intercourse, childbirth, menstruation
  • anterior = fundus of bladder and urethra
  • posterior = rectourine pouch, rectum and anal canal
  • lateral = ureters and levator ani muscle and visceral pelvic fascia
25
Q

name the 4 histological layers of the vagina

A

stratified squamous epithelium, elastic lamina propria, fibromuscular layer, adventitia

26
Q

vascular supply and lymphatics of the vagina

A
  • vaginal artery
  • vaginal vein
  • paravaginal lymph nodes
27
Q

innervation of the vagina

A
  • mainly autonomic nervous system
  • PS and S nerves arise from the uterovaginal nerve plexus
  • only the inferior 1/5 receives somatic innervation (via a branch of the pudendal nerve, the deep perineal nerve)
  • somatic: pudendal nerve
  • s: lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
  • ps: pelvic splanchnic nerves
28
Q

what is the vulva?

A

the external female genitalia

29
Q

where are the greater vestibular glands and what are their function?

A
  • aka Bartholin’s glands
  • one on each side of the vaginal orifice.
  • secrete lubricating mucus from small ducts during sexual arousal
30
Q

what is the location and function of the lesser vestibular glands?

A

= small mucous glands between the urethral and vaginal orifice that produce a substance to lubricate the urethral opening

31
Q

vascular supply of the vulva

A
  • internal and external pudendal arteries

- internal and external pudendal veins

32
Q

innervation of the vulva

A
  • somatic: pudendal nerve (S2-S4), ilioinguinal nerve (L1) and genitofemoral (L1-L2)
  • S: lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
  • PS: pelvic splanchnic nerves
33
Q

what is the cervix and what is it composed of?

A

= the lower portion of the uterus which connects the vagina to the main body of the uterus. composed of the ectocervix and the endocervical canal (endocervix)

34
Q

what is the ectocervix and what is it lined with?

A
  • the portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina
  • lined with stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
  • the opening, the external os, marks the transition from the ectocervix to the endocervix
35
Q

what is the endocervix and what is it lined with?

A
  • the more proximal and ‘inner’ part of the cervix
  • lined by a mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium
  • the endocervical canal ends and the uterine cavity begins at a narrowing called the internal os
36
Q

why is the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium in the exocervix beneficial?

A

protective as it is subject to abrasions

37
Q

function of the cervix

A
  • facilitates the passage of sperm into the uterine cavity (achieved by the dilation of the internal and external os)
  • maintains sterility of the upper female reproductive tract by the frequent shedding of the endometrium, thick cervical mucus and a narrow external os
38
Q

vascular supply and lymphatic drainage of the cervix

A
  • arterial supply = uterine artery
  • venous drainage = plexus in broad ligament that drains into the veins
  • lymphatic drainage = iliac, sacral and inguinal lymph nodes
39
Q

what are the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris attached to?

A

inferior pubic rami and the perineal membrane

40
Q

from which vessel dopes the ovarian artery arise?

A

aorta

41
Q

from which vessel does the uterine artery arise?

A

internal iliac

Anatomy Semester 1 (15 decks)

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