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Anatomy Semester 1 > MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS > Flashcards

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

describe 10 differences between the male and female pelves

A
  1. general structure: M - thick and heavy, F - thin and light
  2. greater pelvis: M - deep, F - shallow
  3. lesser pelvis: M - deep, narrow and tapering, F - wide, shallow and cylindrical
  4. pelvic inlet: M - heart-shaped, narrow, F - oval and rounded
  5. pelvic outlet: M - comparatively small, F - comparatively large
  6. pubic arch and sub pubic angle: M - narrow (<70) , F - wide (>80)
  7. obturator foramen: M - round, F - oval
  8. acetabulum: M - large, F - small
  9. greater sciatic notch: M - narrow (roughly 70), inverted V, F - almost 90
  10. sacral promontory: M - prominent, F - flattened
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2
Q

what is the ductus deferens?

A

= a thick-walled tube that is continuous with the tail of the epididymis. transports mature sperm from the tail of the epididymis in the scrotum to the ejaculatory duct in the pelvic cavity. Part of the spermatic cord.

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3
Q

what forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

the convergence of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles duct

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4
Q

describe the anatomical course of the vas deferens

A
  • continuous with the tail of the epididymis
  • travels through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord
  • moves down the lateral pelvic wall close to the ischial spine, posterior to the pubic spine
  • turns medially to pass between the bladder and the ureter and then travels downward on the posterior surface of the bladder
  • joins with the seminal vesicles duct to form the ejaculatory duct
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5
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct?

A

a duct formed by the merging of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles, approx 1cm long, opens into the urethra

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6
Q

what is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

A

mixes the sperm stored in the ampulla with fluids secreted by the seminal vesicles and transports it to the prostate

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7
Q

what are the seminal vesicles?

A

sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder

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8
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

they produce secretions which make up to 70% of the total volume of semen.

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9
Q

describe the structure and anatomical relations of the seminal vesicles

A
  • each seminal vesicles is an elongated structure that lies between the fundus of the bladder and the rectum
  • placed anteriorly obliquely superior to the prostate
  • internally has a honeycombed, lobulated structure
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10
Q

what is the mucosa in the seminal vesicles lined with and what is the importance?

A

= mucosa lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

  • these cells are highly influenced by testosterone: high levels — grow taller
  • cells responsible for the production of seminal secretions
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11
Q

what do secretions of the seminal gland contain?

A

secretions contain:

  • alkaline fluid = neutralises the acidity of the male urethra and vagina in order to facilitate the survival of spermatozoa
  • fructose = acts as an energy source for sperm: helps the sperm motility
  • prostaglandins = have a role in suppressing the female immune response to foreign semen
  • clotting factors = designed to keep semen in the female reproductive tract post-ejaculation
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12
Q

arterial supply and venous drainage of the seminal vesicles

A

arteries derived from inferior vesicles, internal pudendal, and middle rectal arteries — all stem from the internal iliac artery

  • artery to ductus deferens and inferior vesical artery
  • inferior vesical plexus
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13
Q

POINT AND SHOOT (innvervation)

A

erection/pointing = parasympathetic

ejaculation/shooting = sympathetic

  • S: inferior hypogastric nerve
  • PS: pelvic and inferior hypogastric nerves
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14
Q

seminal vesicles lymphatic drainage

A

internal iliac lymph nodes

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15
Q

what are the 3 layers of the vas deferens

A
  1. mucosa (folded lumen, pseudostratified columnar with serocilia (long microvilli), lamina propria)
  2. muscularis (inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal fibres)
  3. adventitia (merges with connective tissue of spermatic cord, contains many blood vessels and nerves)
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16
Q

what is lamina propria?

A

dense irregular connective tissue with elastic fibres

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17
Q

what is the prostate and where is it located?

A

= the largest accessory gland in the male reproductive system

  • located under the bladder
  • walnut-sized
  • stores and secretes prostatic fluid
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18
Q

what is prostatic fluid?

A

a slightly acidic solution which makes up 20-30% of the semen

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19
Q

anatomical relations of prostate: anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral

A 
anterior = pubis symphysis 
posterior = anterior surface of rectal ampulla
superior = bladder
inferior = urethra. pelvic floor
lateral = anterior fibres of the levator ani
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20
Q

what are the pubis symphysis and prostate separated by?

A

separated by peritoneal fat in the retropubic space

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21
Q

what separates the rectal ampulla and the prostate?

A

the retrovesical septum

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22
Q

what proportion of the prostate is glandular, what is fibromuscular?

A

2/3 of prostate is glandular, 1/3 is fibromuscular

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23
Q

vasculature of prostate

A

arterial supply = inferior vesicles, internal pudendal middle rectal arteries ( same as seminal vesicles)

venous drainage = prostatic venous plexus

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24
Q

the fibrous capsule of the prostate is dense and neurovascular. what does it incorporate?

A

incorporates the prostatic plexuses of veins and nerves

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25
Q

innervation of the prostate

A

autonomic: inferior hypogastric plexus and prostatic plexuses
somatic: visceral afferent: pudendal nerve

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26
Q

lymphatic drainage of prostate

A

internal and external iliac lymph nodes

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27
Q

what are the bulbourethral glands?

A

= small glands located at the base of the penis

  • their ducts empty into the urethral lumen
  • during erotic stimulation their mucus-like secretions are added to the seminal fluid
  • lie posters-lateral to the intermediate part of the urethra
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28
Q

what 4 parts is the male urethra divided into?

A
  1. intramural (preprostatic)
  2. prostatic
  3. intermediate (membranous)
  4. spongy
29
Q

where is the internal urethral orifice?

A

the junction between the bladder and urethra

30
Q

what does the internal urethral sphincter surround and what does it receive?

A

surrounds preprostatic urethra — receives autonomic innervation

31
Q

intramural/preprostatic urethra

A
  • extends almost vertically through the neck of the bladder
  • surrounded by internal urethral sphincter
  • diameter and length depend on whether the bladder is filing or emptying
32
Q

prostatic urethra

A
  • widest and most dilatable part

- where the ejaculatory duct opens into the prostatic urethra

33
Q

membranous/intermediate urethra

A
  • passes through deep perineal pouch
  • penetrates perineal membrane
  • surrounded by circular fibres of external urethral sphincter
  • narrowest and least distensible part (except for external urethral orifice)
  • ducts of bulbourethral glands enter here
34
Q

spongy urethra

A
  • runs along the length of the penis on the ventral surface
  • 15-16cm ling and travels through the corpus spongiosum
  • ducts from bulbourethral gland opens into the proximal part of the spongey urethra
  • longest and most mobile part
35
Q

what is the penis made of?

A

a mobile body and a fixed root

36
Q

what does the body of the penis consist of?

A

3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue enclosed in a fascia sheath - 2 dorsally located corpora cavernous a (continuations of the crura) and a corpus spongiosum which lies centrally and is a continuation of the bulb of the penis. the corpus spongiosum expands at the distal end of the penis to form the glans penis

37
Q

what covers the the glans penis?

A

a double fold of skin, the prepuce/foreskin, covers the glans penis

38
Q

what does erectile tissue consist of?

A

consist of a network of blood spaces separated by fibrous tissue and smooth muscle

39
Q

what has to happen for an erection to occur and what does this allow?

A

dilation of the arteries must occur which allows blood to fill the 3 spongy erectile tissue chambers, causing it to stiffen and lengthen

40
Q

roles of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles

A

bulbospongiosus — lies in the midline of the perineum, in front of the anus. it contributes to the erection, feelings of orgasm and ejaculation

ischiocavernosus — on the outer side of each bulbospongiosus muscle. helps to flex the anus and stabilises the erect penis

41
Q

what 2 ligaments is the base of the penis supported by?

A
  1. suspensory ligament of the penis — attached superiorly to the pubic symphysis
  2. fundiform ligament of the penis — more superficial. attached to the linea alba of the anterior abdominal wall and split below into 2 bands that pass on each side of the penis and unite inferiorly
42
Q

vasculature of the penis

A
  • perineal branch of the internal pudendal artery and its tributaries
  • superficial and deep dorsal vein of penis, crural veins
43
Q

lymphatic drainage of penis

A

lymph drains into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. vessels from the glans penis drain into the deep inguinal lymph nodes

superficial and deep inguinal nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes

44
Q

innervation of the penis

A
  • visceral afferent: dorsal penile and perineal nerves
  • PS: pelvic splanchnic and cavernous nerves
  • S: T11-L1 spinal nerves and deep cavernous nerve
45
Q

what is the periprostatic plexus responsible for in the penis?

A

responsible for the vascular changes which cause erection

46
Q

what is the spermatic cord and what does it contain?

A
  • contains structures running to and from the testis and suspends the testis in the scrotum
  • contains the structures that pass through the inguinal canal to reach/exit the testis
  • contains vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatic vessels, tunica vaginalis
  • contains arteries: testicular, deferential, cremasteric
  • contains nerves: cremaster nerve, testicular nerve (sympathetic)
47
Q

what are the 3 layers that cover the spermatic cord?

A
  1. external spermatic fascia
  2. cremasteric fascia
  3. internal spermatic fascia
48
Q

what is the epididymis and where is it?

A
  • lies posterior to the testis

- it is a highly coiled tube — increases SA, transports and stores sperm cells. where sperm mature

49
Q

what are the 2 district areas of the epididymis?

A
  1. efferent ductules — form an enlarged coiled mass that sits on the posterior superior pole of the testis. forms the head of the epididymis
  2. true epididymis — a single, long coiled duct to which all the efferent ductules drain. forms body and tail of the epididymis
50
Q

vasculature of the epididymis

A

arterial supply: internal spermatic arteries - gonadal artery, deferential artery

venous drainage: pampiniform plexus

51
Q

lymphatic drainage of epididymis

A

lumbar nodes

52
Q

innervation of epididymis

A

lumbar splanchnic nerves L1-L2

parasympathetic: S2-S4

53
Q

what is the scrotum and what does it contain?

A

= a fibromuscular cutaneous sac, located between the penis and anus
- consists of the testis, epididymis, spermatic cord

54
Q

why are the testis contained within a scrotum?

A

they function better at lower temps — evolution, more efficient

55
Q

what is the tunica dartos?

A

smooth muscle which regulates the temp of the testes by expanding (increases SA doe heat loss) and contracting to wrinkle scrotal skin. in the superficial fascia of the scrotum

56
Q

vasculature of the scrotum

A

arterial supply: anterior and posterior scrotal arteries. anterior derives from external pudendal artery and posterior arises from internal pudendal artery

venous drainage: scrotal veins follow the major arteries draining into the external pudendal veins

57
Q

lymphatics of the scrotum

A

drain into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

58
Q

innervation of the scrotum

A

anterior/anterolateral - anterior scrotal nerves derived from the genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2) and iloilo inguinal nerve (L1)

posterior aspect - posterior scrotal nerves derived from the perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2-S4) and the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S2-S3)

59
Q

what are the testis?

A

= the male gonads — paired ovoid reproductive glands that produce sperms and male hormones (mainly testosterone)

  • suspended in the scrotum by spermatic cords
  • left testis usually suspended more inferiorly than the right
60
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

a thick fibrous capsule that surrounds each testis

61
Q

what do the lobules of the testes contain?

A

contains several seminiferous tubules which open into a network of tubes called the rete testes that drain into efferent ductules, which in turn open into the epididymis

62
Q

what happens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

sperm are produced!!
- the interstitial cells of Leydig are adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle and are responsible for testosterone production

sperm made in seminiferous tubules. they then travel through the tubules and collect in rete testes. go to epididymis via the efferent tubules for storage and maturation.

63
Q

vasculature of the testes

A

arterial supply: mainly via the paired testicular arteries (arise directly from abdominal aorta). also supplied by the cremasteric artery and artery of vas deferens

venous drainage: pampiniform plexus

64
Q

lymphatics of testes

A

drainage into lumbar and para-aortic nodes

65
Q

innervation of testes

A

testicular plexus — network of nerves derived from renal and aortic plexi. receive autonomic and sensory fibres

66
Q

what does the superficial perineal pouch contain?

A
  • contains erectile tissues of the penis
  • bulb and crura of penis, spongy urethra, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles, branches of internal pudendal vessels and nerves
67
Q

what does the deep perineal pouch contain?

A

urethra, part of external urethral sphincter, deep transverse perineal muscle, bulbourethral gland, dorsal nerves and vessels of the penis

68
Q

at its base, what is the corpus spongiosum anchored to?

A

the perineal membrane

69
Q

what does the urogenital triangle contain?

A

external genitalia, membranous urethra, bulbourethral glands, nerves, blood vessels and the muscles and fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

Anatomy Semester 1 (15 decks)

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