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biology aqa > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

outline the structure and features of myosin

A

fiborous protein
forms thick filaments
has heads
heads lie in bundles at each end

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2
Q

outline the structure and features of actin

A

globular protein
thin filaments
2 actin chains twist around each other
tropmyosin lines inbetween the actin chains
troponin globular protien binds regularlary to the actin chains

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3
Q

outline fast twitch fibres

A

contract faster
more powerful
work for shrort periods
intense

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4
Q

outline the adaptations of fast twitch fibres

A

thicker myosin
more glycogen
more anaerobic enzymes
more phosphocreatin which converts ADP to ATP in anaerobic conditions

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5
Q

outline slow twitch fibres

A

contract slower
less powerul
work for longer periods
endurance

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6
Q

what are the adaptations of slow twitch fibres for aerobic respiration

A

more myoglobin
greater blood supply
more mitochondria

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7
Q

what happens to muscles when they are relaxed

A

Actin has myosin binding sites

when relaxed these sites are blocked by tropomyosin

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8
Q

what are the similarties between neuromuscular junctions and cholingeric synapses

A

neurotransmitters that are transported by diffusion
use of enzymes to break down neurotransmitter
use of a sodium potassium pump to repolarise the axon
have receptors on binding with neurotransmitter cause sodium ion influx

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9
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A

cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle

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10
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A

muscle that contracts without conscious control

only found in the heart

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11
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

muscle that you use to move

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12
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

muscle that contracts without conscious control found in walls of internal organs

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13
Q

what are antagonistic pairs

A

muscles that work together to move a bone
contracting muscle agonist
relaxing muscle antagonist

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14
Q

what do myosin filaments have on them

A

hinged globular heads

each head has binding site for actin and binding site for ATP

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15
Q

what do actin filaments have on them

A

binding sites of myosin heads

tropomyosin found between actin filaments

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16
Q

outline the arrival of an action potential in muscle contraction

A

action potential depolarises sarcloemma
slowing down T-tubulus casuing release of Ca2+ ions
into sarcosplam
Ca2+ ions bind to tropomyosin causing it to change shape
This pulls tropomyosin out of binding site on acting filament allowing myosin head to bind to exposed binding site
actin-myosin cross bridge forms

17
Q

out line the movement of the actin filament in muscle contraction

A

Ca 2+ ions actiavate ATPase which hydrolyses ATP
to release energy needed for muscle contraction
energy released from ATP causes mysoing head to bend pulling actin filament along

18
Q

outline the breaking of the cross-bridge

A

another ATP molecule provides energy to break cross bridge
mysoin head detaches from actin filament after it’s moved and reattaches to a new binding site further along actin filament.
new cross bridge forms and cycle is repeated

19
Q

outline the process of muscle relaxtion

A

nervous stimulation stops
Ca2+ ions reabsorbed into sarcoplasmoc reticulum by A/T
tropomyosin moves back
myofibrils relax

20
Q

what is ATP needed for in muscles

A

movement of myosin head back to the normal

reabsoprtion of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

what do muscles store to help produce ATP

A

phosphocreatine

it converts ADP to ATP

22
Q

what is the reaction of phosphocreatine and ADP

A

ADP + phosphocreatine – ATP + creatine

23
Q

where is excess phosphocreatine broken down

A

it is broken down in the kidneys

24
Q

what are the four pieces of evidence for the sliding filament theory

A

A band stays the same
I band becomes narrower
Z lines move closer together
H band narrows

25
Q

what is the evidence for the I band becoming narrower

A

the actin moves

26
Q

what is the evidence for the Z lines moving closer together

A

The whole sarcomere shortens

27
Q

what is the evidence for the H band narrowing

A

Actin slides over mysoin

28
Q

what is the evidence for the A band staying the same

A

Myosin filaments do not shorten

biology aqa (31 decks)

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