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biology aqa > mass transport > Flashcards

mass transport Flashcards

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1
Q

what is in the quatenary structure of haemoglobin that allows it to carry out it’s function

A

it contains 4 polypeptide chains all with an iron prosthetic group that a single oxygen molecule can bind to

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2
Q

with what kind of haemoglobin will more oxygen associate with?

A

high affinty haemoglobin

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3
Q

where will haemoglobin have a low affinity for oxygen

A
  • places where the is a low concentration of oxygen
  • in metabollically active organisms
  • when there’s a high CO2 concentration
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4
Q

why is the oxygen dissociation curve an S shape?

A

as for the first oxygen it is hard to load
the second and third oxygen is easier to load
the fourth oxygen is hard to load
-due to the change of shape of haemoglobin every time an oxygen associates

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5
Q

what does a left shift of the oxygen dissociation curve mean?

A
  • a higher affinity haemoglobin
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6
Q

what does a right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve mean?

A

-a lower affinity haemoglobin

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7
Q

what is the process of the bohr effect

A

1- carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid (the reaction is catalysed carbonic anhydrase)
2- H+ ions released as well the hydrogen carbonate ion
3- the presence of the H+ ion lowers Hbs affinity for oxygen so oxygen dissociates and diffuses out of the cell
4-H+ and Hb form HHb

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8
Q

in what kind of organisms will low affinity Hb be present? and why?

A

metabollically active organisms, as oxygen needs to be unloaded quickly for respiration

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9
Q

in what kind of organisms will high affinity Hb be present and why?

A

organisms that live in a low PPO2 enviroment so Hb can be fully saturated at the low partial pressures

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10
Q

name two features of a transport system

A
  • they have a closed system of tubular vessels

- a form of mass transport in which the transport medium is moved around in bulk over large differences

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11
Q

what is a closed cirulatory system

A

a circulatory system in which the fluid is contained in vessels

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12
Q

what is a open circulatory system

A

a circulatory system in which the fluid is not contained in vessels

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13
Q

what are the features of an atrium

A

it is thin walled

it is elastic

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14
Q

why do ventricles of thicker walls than atria?

A

as they have to contract strongly to pump blood either to the lungs or rest of the body

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15
Q

what is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

they prevent back flow of blood

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16
Q

what is the function of the aorta?

A

it carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

17
Q

what is the funcation of the coronary arteries?

A

to carry oxygenated blood to the heart

18
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

it carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

19
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

it carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to heart

20
Q

what is diastole?

A

the relaxation of the whole heart both the atria and ventricles

21
Q

what is the loading of oxygen

A

the process of which oxygen and haemoglobin bind together

22
Q

what is the unloading of oxygen

A

the process by which haemoglobin releases oxygen

23
Q

what is the role of haemoglobin

A

to transport oxygen

24
Q

how is haemoglobin efficient at transporting oxygen

A

it readily associates with oxygen where gas exchange takes place
it readily dissociates with oxygen at tissues requiring it

25
Q

why do hameogolbins have different affinities for oxygen

A

in different organisms hameoglboin have slightly different amino acid sequences
so has a slightly different tertiary and quaternary structure
hence different oxygen binding properties

26
Q

why do large organisms have a special transport system

A

as surface area to volume ratio decreases to a point

where needs of the organism cannot be met by the body surface alone

27
Q

what does the presence of a pump and transport medium depend on

A

the surface area to volume ratio

how active the organism is

28
Q

how is the movment of transport medium in vessels occur in animals

A

via muscle contraction of either body muscles or of a specalised pump organ

29
Q

how is the movement of transport medium in vessels occur in plants

A

plants rely on natural processes such as evaporation

30
Q

what kind of circulatory system do mammals have

A

A closed double circulatory system

blood is confined to vessels and pass twice through the heart for each complete circuit of the body

31
Q

why do mammals have a double circulatory system

A

as when the blood is passed through the lungs it’s pressure decreases
blood is returned to heart to boost it’s pressure so it can flow to the other tissues

32
Q

outline atrial systole

A

ventricles relaxed
atria contract decreasing volume of chambers and increasing the pressure
pushing blood into ventricles

33
Q

outline ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract
atria relax
decreasing their volume increasing their pressure
pressure in ventricles higher than atria
atrioventricular valve shuts
semi lunar valves open as pressure in ventricles higher than in arteries

34
Q

outline diastole

A

atria and ventricles relax
higher pressure in arteries closes the semi lunar valve
blood returns to the heart and fills the atria again due to high pressure in veins
Atrioventricular valve opens as pressure in ventricles falls allowing blood to flow passively from the atria

35
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output=heart rate x stroke volume

36
Q

what does haemoglobin and oxygen join together to form in the lungs

A

haemoglobin and oxygen join together in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin

biology aqa (31 decks)

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