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biology aqa > Biological molecules part 2 Nucleic acids,water, ATP, ions > Flashcards

Biological molecules part 2 Nucleic acids,water, ATP, ions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of DNA

A

to store genetic information

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2
Q

what is the function of RNA

A

to transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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3
Q

what are the monomers of DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

what is the structure of a DNA nucleotide

A

dexoyribose-pentose sugar
nitrogen containing organic base A,T,G,C
phosphate group

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5
Q

what is the structure of an RNA nucleotide

A

ribose-pentose sugar
nitrogen containing organic base A,U,G,C
phosphate group

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6
Q

what are the four organic bases in RNA

A

Adenine guanine cytosine uracil

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7
Q

outline the structure of an RNA molecule

A

single stranded short polynucleotide chain

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8
Q

what are ribosomes comprised of

A

proteins and RNA

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9
Q

which scientists in 1953 discovered the structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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10
Q

outline the structure of a DNA molecule

A

Long double stranded
polynucleotide chain
strands joined together by hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

what bond is found between two nucleotides joined together via a condensation reaction

A

the bond between two nucleotides joined together

via condensation reaction is a phosphodiester bond

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12
Q

what are the four requirements for semi-conservative replication to take place

A

the four types of nucleotides and bases must be present
both strands of DNA act as a template for attachment of the nucleotides
the enzyme DNA polymerase
A source of chemical energy required to drive the process

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13
Q

outline semi conservative DNA replication

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairs
double helix seperates into it’s too strands and unwinds
exposed polynucleotide strands act as templates for complimentary base pairing with complimentary free nucleotides that bind by specific base pairing
nucleotides are joined together via DNA ploymerase which reforms the sugar phosphate backbone

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14
Q

how is DNA replication semi conservative

A

each of the new DNA molecules contains one of the original strands half of the original DNA strand is in the new molecules

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15
Q

outline the structure of ATP

A

adenine
ribose
a chain of three phosphate groups

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16
Q

how does ATP store energy

A

bonds between phosphate groups unstable
hydrolysis of bonds between phosphate groups
low activation energy
when broken release considerable amount of energy

17
Q

what enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP

A

ATP hydrolase

18
Q

what enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

A

ATP synthase

19
Q

what are three ways ATP is synthesised

A

photo-phosphorylation in photosynthesis
during respiration- oxidative phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation

20
Q

what can the inorganic phosphate released from ATP hydrolyses be used for

A

the phosphorylation of other molecules making them more reactive

21
Q

name two important roles of water in reactions

A

as a solvent

as a metabolite

22
Q

outline waters role as a metabolite

A

it is a metabolite in reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis

23
Q

outline waters role as a solvent

A

some substance can dissolve in it which is good as metabollic reactions take place in solution

24
Q

how can water help with temperature control

A

due to high specific capacity

high latent heat of vaporisation

25
Q

what does water being cohesive help with

A

transport in plants as well as other organisms

26
Q

what allows water to help with temperature control and gives it’s other useful properties

A

the hydrogen bonding located in the water

27
Q

name two inorganic ions and descrive their roles in the body

A

iron ions in hameoglobin
they allow oxygen to bind to hameoglobin
sodium ions
allow glucose and amino acids to be absorbed into the blood via co-transport into cells

28
Q

what is an inorganic ion

A

an ion that does not contain carbon

29
Q

where do inorganic ions occur

A

in solution
in cytoplasm of cells
and body fluids of organisms

30
Q

why do the two strands of DNA run antiparallel to each other?

A

as DNA polymerase is complimentary to the 3’ end of the newly formed DNA strand
so enzyme can only add nucleotides to new strand at 3’ end

31
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

it has a sligh negative charge on one side and a slight positive charge on the other

biology aqa (31 decks)

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