cells and organelles Flashcards
name three functions of the golgi apparateus
- add carbohydrates to protiens- to form glycoprotiens
- form lysosomes
- transport modify and store lipids
name two funcitions of lysosomes
- digest worn out organelles
- break down cells once they have died(autolysis)
name the function of ribosomes
-carry out protien synthesis
name the function of the cell wall
- provide mechanical strength to prevent cell bursting under pressure creatred by the osmotic entry of water
name two functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesise store and transport lipids
synthesise store and transport carbohydrates
name two functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
.provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
. provide a pathway for the transport of materials especilally proteins throughout the cell
name the function of the chloroplasts
-to carry out photosynthesis and produce glucose
name three features of a chloroplast
- the grana
- the chloroplast envelope
- the stroma
what does the grana contain and do?
chlorophyll, the grana is where light absorption takes place
what does the stroma do?
it is the site of synthesis of sugars in photosynthesis
it is a fluid filled matrix
what is the chloroplast envelope?
it is a double plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle
what is the nuclear envelope?
a double membrane that surrounds the outside of the nucleus it controls what enters and exits the nucleus
what is the function if the nuclear pores?
they allow for large molecuels such as mRNA to leave the nucleus
what is the solution like is homogenisation?
it is cold to reduce enzyme activity
it is isotonic to prevent organelles bursting through osmosis
a buffer solution is added to maintain pH
what is homogenisation and describe one way it can be done
breaking up the cells.
can be done by grinding cells up in a blender
outline the process of filtration
the homogenised cell solution is filtered through a gauze to seperate any large cell debris from the organelles
organelles are smaller than debries so they can pass through the gauze
where does the DNA in organelles such as mitochodria and chloroplasts organiate
prokaryotes(bacterial cells)
Name the process in which cells become adapted.
differentiation
name 3 pieces of evidence which supports mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes
Circular DNA, no introns, no histones with DNA
Give 2 structures in a prokaryote that are not present in eukaryote
Capsule, Circular DNA, DNA without histones, Flagellum, Pillus, Plasmid, Mesosome, smaller ribosomes
How is the inner mitochondrial membrane adapted to help its function?
Folded so increased surface area for more enzymes so more respiration
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells with a common origin
Name 2 structures in a eukaryote that cannot be identified using an optical microscope.
ribosomes
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulums
name the similarites between HIV and a bacterial cell
both contain RNA and enzymes
name the differences between HIV and a bacterial cell
HIV has no cell wall
Bacterial cells have no capsids
what is an organ
a group of tissues
what is the function of the mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration produces ATP
