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Bio - 20 > Muscle System > Flashcards

Muscle System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the two characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  • Cells are tubular, very long, striated, many nuclei per cell (too long to be controlled by one nuclei)
  • Voluntary (consciously controlled)
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2
Q

What are tendons

A

The fibers that attach skeletal muscles to bone

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3
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of Cardiac muscles

A
  • Only found in the heart
  • Cells are tubular, arranged in a branched network giving them a netlike structure
  • Cells are also striated with one nucleus per cell.
  • Contraction is involuntary
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4
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of smooth muscles

A
  • Cells are long, tapered, arranged in sheets, non-striated, one nucleus per cell.
  • Muscle contractions are involuntary (not consciously controlled)
  • Forms many internal structures (but also the iris
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5
Q

What does antagonistic mean and how does it relate to skeletal muscle movement?

A

Antagonistic means work opposite.

Skeletal muscles are doing work when they are contracting and they move our bones by working opposite to each other. For example, the bicep and triceps work to move the arm in opposite directions when each of them contracts.

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6
Q

List the four main components of a muscle fiber (cell)

A
  1. Myofibrils- cylindrical shape
    -hundreds of thousands found in a muscle fiber
    - made of myofilaments (contain actin and myosin)
  2. Mitocondria- 300/ muscle fiber
  3. Membrane- called the sarcolemma which means “flesh husk”. Controls what enters and exits the muscle cell
  4. Cytoplasm- called the sarcoplasm
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7
Q

What two types of filaments are myofibrils made of?

A

Actin and myosin

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8
Q

Describe actin structure

A
  • Actin is the thin filament
  • It is two bead-like strands of protein wrapped around each other
  • Attached to the Z-line
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9
Q

Describe myosin structure.

A
  • Myosin is the thick filament, 10x longer than actin
  • It is also two strands of protein wrapped around each other
  • Attached to the M-line
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10
Q

What causes the striations in skeletal muscle fibers?

A

The arrangement of the myofilaments actin and myosin in a sequential order from one end of the muscle fiber to the other.

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11
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A
  • The functional unit of the muscle fiber
  • Repeats over and over causing the striations
  • Is composed of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin
  • Is bordered by Z-lines
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12
Q

Do sarcomeres shorten during muscle contraction?

A

Yes! But the actin and myosin filaments that make them up do NOT change shape.

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13
Q

What is myoglobin?

A
  • Myoglobin- oxygen-binding pigment (similar to hemoglobin) in a skeletal muscle fiber
    * stores oxygen for use during muscle contractions
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14
Q

List the 6 parts of the sarcomere involved in muscle contraction.

A

Actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, calcium, ADP + Pi

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15
Q

What part of the muscle is calcium released from?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

List the 11 steps involved in muscle contraction including calcium and ATP

A
  1. Myosin wants to attach to actin to enable a muscle to contract
  2. Troponin/tropomyosin is in the way
  3. Calcium (released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum) attaches to
  4. troponin and this moves tropomyosin out of the way
  5. This allows the myosin head to attach to the actin
  6. ATP is attached to myosin
  7. It hydrolyzes and becomes ADP + Pi
  8. This moves myosin to actin and allows it to attach
  9. The myosin slides the actin past it moving the Z lines closer (ends of sarcomere). Sarcomere shortens and muscle is contracted.
  10. For the myosin to detach, energy from ATP is needed
  11. Myosin detaches and Z lines slide back to original place. Muscle is relaxed.
17
Q

What is creatine phosphate and when is it needed by a muscle?

A
  • the main high-energy, phosphate-storage molecule of muscle
  • stored in resting muscles.
  • needed to produce ATP in muscle contractions
18
Q

If oxygen is NOT present in a contracting muscle, what process does a cell use to make ATP?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration.
* This creates ATP, water and carbon dioxide

19
Q

If oxygen is NOT present in a contracting muscle, what process does a cell use to make ATP?

A

Fermentation
* This creates ATP and lactate

20
Q

Label the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcomere

A

Did you do it

21
Q

Label the actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin

A

Did you do it?

Bio - 20 (12 decks)

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