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Bio - 20 > CH 6: The Digestion System > Flashcards

CH 6: The Digestion System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

A protien that speeds up (catalyzes) a chemical reaction

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2
Q

What does a Enzyme do?

A

Enzymes decreases the activiation energy needed in a chemical reaction

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3
Q

what is a substrate?

A

A reactant which binds to the active site of a enzyme.

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4
Q

What is a product of an enzyme? [delete]

A

The end result of reaction.

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5
Q

What is a enzyme substrate complex?

A

A temporary assosiation of both the enzyme and the substrate attached to the active site.

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6
Q

What does it mean when someones says enzymes are reaction specific?

A

Each enzyme works with a specific substrate.

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7
Q

Properties of the Lock and Key Model

A
  • simplistic model of enzyme action
  • a specific shape fits and “locks in”
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8
Q

properties of Induced fit model

A
  • More accurate model of enzyme action
  • Substrate binding cause enzymes to change shape leading to a tighter fit
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9
Q

What are properties of enzymes?

A
  • They are not consumed in a reactions
  • They are a catalyist
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10
Q

What are activators?

Name two.

A

Factors that when met, the enzyme becomes active.

Cofactors & Coenzymes.

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11
Q

What are Enzyme Inhibitors?

A

Molecules that reduce enzyme activity.

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12
Q

What are competitive inhibition?

A

The inhibitor fights for the same active site as the substrate.

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13
Q

What is a noncompetitive Inhibition?

A

Inhibitor binds to the enzyme other than the active site and changes the active site.

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14
Q

What is sucrase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down sucrose.

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15
Q

what is Denaturing mean?

A

When all enzymes (and all proteins) are placed in not ideal conditions they can change their shape permanently.

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16
Q

What can cause Proteins or enzymes to denature?

A

PH, Temperature, salinity

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17
Q

What are Enzyme cofactors?

A

Metals that assist enzymes in catalyzing chemical reactions by binding to the enzyme. (not on active site)

Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu

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18
Q

What are coenzyme’s?

A

Organic molecules that bind (temporarily or permanently) near the active site

Many Vitamins

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19
Q

What are some examples of molecules that irreversibly bind with enzymes?

What impact do they have on a enzyme?

A

Nerve gas and insecticides.

Permanently changes the shape of enzyme

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20
Q

What is Proteases?

A

A enzyme that breaks down proteins.

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21
Q

What is Lipases?

A

A enzyme that breaks down Lipids.

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22
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

A enzyme that builds DNA by adding nucleotides to DNA strand.

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23
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

An enzyme that breaks down polypeptides into peptides

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24
Q

What is Chemical digestion? What usually does this?

A

Break down substances into smaller pieces, forming a new substance in the process.

Enzymes.

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25
Q

What is physical digestion?

A

Break down food into smaller pieces and it is technically possible to get back the original substance.

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26
Q

What do our salivary glands contain?

A

The salivary amylase enzyme (breaks down starch into disaccharides)

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27
Q

What helps teeth break food apart?

A

water and mucous

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28
Q

What does chewing food do?

A

Increases the surface area for chemical digestion.

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29
Q

What is it called when a tongue rolls food into a smooth mass?

A

It is called a bolus.

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30
Q

What does the tongue do?

A
  • creates a bolus
  • pushes food to back of mouth for swallowing
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31
Q

How does swallowing work?

A

Food is pushed into the esophagus and passes closed trachea.

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32
Q

What prevents food from going down the trachea and lungs?

A

The Epidglottus.

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33
Q

What is the function of the Esophagus?

A

Takes food from mouth to stomach.

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34
Q

What moves the bolus into the stomach?

A

it moves due to gravity but mostly through peristalsis

35
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

muscular contractions and relaxations.

36
Q

What is the Esophageal Sphincter?

A

A ring-like muscular structure at the end of the esophagus (start of the stomach)

37
Q

What happens when the esophageal sphincter relaxes?

A

it allows bolis to pass into the stomach.

38
Q

What happens when the esophageal sphincter contracts?

A

Prevents acid or stomach contents from entering the esophagus.

39
Q

How does heartburn work?

A

When acid contents from the stomach escape to the esophagus and rise up in the throat.

40
Q

What shape does the stomach look like?

A

It is shaped like a J

41
Q

How many millimetres does the stomach hold when empty?

A

50ml

42
Q

how many millimetres does the stomach hold at maximum capacity? (range)

A

2L to 4L

43
Q

How does the stomach expand?

A

Folds in the lining expand like an accordion to hold a large meal.

44
Q

What is the Pyloric Spincter?

A

Controls emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine.

45
Q

What carries food to the bottom of the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

46
Q

What is the two forms of physical digestion in the stomach?

Explain them as well

A
  1. Stomach Churning: Churns backwards and breaks into smaller pieces.
  2. Hydrochloric acid: Physical digestion of protien.
47
Q

What is the pH of HCl? (range)

A

pH: 1-3

48
Q

What kills the bacteria in the food?

A

HCl in the stomach that kills most bacteria.

49
Q

What are gastric juices made of?

A
  1. water
  2. mucous
  3. salts
  4. hydrochloric acid
  5. enzymes
50
Q

How much gastric juices do the Cells in the interior lining of the stomach secrete? (range)

A

2L- 3L of gastric juice each day

51
Q

What is it called when gastric juice is mixed with food?

A

Chyme

52
Q

Why does the stomach have to protect itself?

A

Because it is made of proteins and would denature without protection.

53
Q

How does the stomach protect itself?

A
  1. The stomach secretes little gastric juice until food is present.
  2. Mucous secreted from the stomach to protect the lining from gastric juice
54
Q

What did they think ulcers were caused by?

A

Stress

54
Q

How do you cure Ulcers?

A

Antibiotics

55
Q

What is the bacteria name that causes ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

55
Q

Why are few substances absorbed through the stomach from chyme?

A

Because most particles are not small enough to be absorbed

56
Q

What is absorbed through the stomach?

A

Some water. Salts, anti-inflammatory medications, and alchohol.

57
Q

What macromolecule has a Hexagon shape?

A

Carbohydrates

58
Q

What macromolecule has a tip and tail shape?

A

Fat/lipids

59
Q

What macromolecule has an Amino, Hydrogen, and carboxyl group?

A

Protein

60
Q

What macromolecule has a pentagon shape in the center?

A

Nucleotide

61
Q

What is the pH in the mouth?

A

pH = 7

62
Q

what is the pH of the stomach?

A

pH = 2

63
Q

What is the pH of the Anus?

A

pH = 7

64
Q

what is another name for salivary amylase in saliva?

A

carbohydrase

65
Q

Does peristalsis (in the esophagus and stomach) count as physical digestion?

A

Yes

66
Q

what is chemically broken down in the stomach? What is the enzyme called?

A

protein through enzymes like pepsin

67
Q

What is pH of the small intestine?

A

pH = 7

68
Q

What substances are created/released by the pancreas?

A
  1. Trypsin and chymotrypsin (proteases)
  2. Pancreatic amylase (carbohydrase)
  3. Lipase
  4. Bicarbonate
69
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine.

70
Q

where do the liver, gall bladder and pancreas release their juices?

A

The duodenum

71
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Releases pancreatic fluid to the duodenum

72
Q

What are accessory organs? What are they?

A

Organs that help with digestion, even though digestion doesn’t happen inside of them.

Liver, pancreas, gall bladder

73
Q

What do Trypsin and chymotrypsin (proteases) do?

A

Digests peptides into
Amino acids.

74
Q

What does Pancreatic amylase (carbohydrase) do?

A

Digests starch into
simple sugars

75
Q

What does Pancreatic lipase do?

A

Digests lipids into simple glycerol, and fatty acids.

76
Q

What does Pancreatic Bicarbonate do?

A

Lowers the pH of the duodenum?

77
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores bile between meals.

78
Q

Why are there villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

A

Help increase the surface area for food absorption.

79
Q

What is absorbed in the bloodstream and what is absorbed in the lymph vessels?

A

Bloodstream: amino acids (proteins), bases, sugars, and phosphates (nucleic acid), monosaccharides (carbohydrates and starches)

Lymph Vessels: Glycerol and fatty acids (fat)

80
Q

what is the process of physically breaking down fat? What is the process called?

A

bile salts attach to large fat collections and split them apart in a process called emulsification

81
Q

What has to be coated onto glycerol and fatty acids in order to be moved through the lymph vessel?

A

proteins

82
Q

What are vili

A

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