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Bio - 20 > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the excretory system?

A

Regulate the volume and composition of body fluids by removing waste and returning substances to the body for re-use

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2
Q

what are the parts of the excretory system?

A

renal artery
renal vein
aorta
inferior vena-cava
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

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3
Q

what are the parts of the kidney?

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal artery
renal vein
renal pelvis
ureter

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4
Q

what are the parts of the nephron?

A

Glomerulus/Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Tubule
Distal Tubule
Loop of Henley (ascending and descending)
Collecting Duct

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5
Q

what happens to ur urine when you are dehydrated?

A

it becomes more yellow bc it has a higher concentration of solutes bc when one is dehydrated they don’t have enough water to dilute their urine

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6
Q

What process happens at the glomerulus/bowman’s capsule? describe what happens in the process?

A

filtration

blood enters glomerulus from renal artery and some small solutes dissolve into bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

what solutes do not dissolve into bowman’s capsule?

A

blood cells and other large molecules (protiens)

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8
Q

what is the pressure in bowman’s capsule?

A

High

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9
Q

what is the process that happens in proximal tubule and describe what happens in that process?

A

reabsorption

glucose is reabsorbed into bloodstream through active transport

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10
Q

what is the process that happens in the descending loop of henley and describe what happens in that process?

A

reabsorption

water is reabsorbed into bloodstream through osmosis

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11
Q

what is the process that happens in the ascending loop of henley and describe what happens in that process?

A

reabsorption

Na+ is reabsorbed into bloodstream through active transport

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12
Q

what is the process that happens in the distal tubule and describe what happens in that process?

A

secretion

waste material, medications, and ions such as H+ and K+ is transferred from blood to nephron through active transport

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13
Q

what is the reason H+ is transferred into the nephron?

A

in order to maintain the pH levels of blood

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14
Q

what is the process that happens in the collecting duct and describe what happens in that process?

A

reabsorption

last chance for water reabsorption

reabsorption in this part is activated by a hormone called ADH which is activated if one is dehydrated to absorb more H2O into the blood

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15
Q

In NaCl which parts are transported between the blood and nephron through passive and active transport?

A

Na+ -> active
Cl- -> passive

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16
Q

How do we maintain homeostasis with regards to the pH of our blood?

A

1) We increase the rate of breathing which releases carbon dioxide faster (and carbon dioxide increases the pH of our blood).
2) We release more H+ ions in our urine to try to reduce the acidity of the urine and raise the ph.

17
Q

How does alcohol and caffeine affect ADH?

A

It stops this hormone (which tells the body to stop urinating) causing one to urinate more than necessary.

18
Q

What is the top and bottom of the Nephron called?

A

Cortex and Medulla

19
Q

Explain the difference between the terms filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion

A

Filtration- fluids (water & solutes) filtered out
of blood into nephron
Reabsorption- water + solutes back to blood from nephron
Secretion- pump out any other unwanted solutes to urine from blood
Excretion- expel concentrated urine (N waste + solutes + toxins) from body

20
Q

List three substances that are filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule and three substances that are NOT.

A

Substances that ARE filtered:
1. Water
2. sodium chloride
3. glucose
4. amino acids
5. hydrogen ions
6. potassium ions
7. urea
8. vitamins
9. minerals

Substances that ARE NOT filtered:
1. Plasma
2. proteins
3. erythrocytes
4. platelets

21
Q

Which substances move from the filtrate to the capillary bed though Passive Transport

A

negatively charged ions like Cl-, bicarbonate

22
Q

Which substances move from the filtrate to the capillary bed though Osmosis

A

Water

23
Q

Which substances move from the filtrate to the capillary bed though Active Transport (3 substances)

A

glucose, amino acids, positively charged ions like Na+, K+, H+

24
Q

Where is water reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

Everywhere except the ascending loop of Henle

25
Q

Why does the salt concentration increase as you move from the renal cortex to the renal medulla?

A

To try to conserve water levels.

Creates a strong salt concentration in the medulla of the Loop of Henlewater can be drawn out easier by osmosis and taken away by the blood.

26
Q

Where is K+ & H+ secreted? AND what is the function of each?

A

The distal tubule,

K+ is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule but it is also secreted at the distal tubule. NOTE: Aldosterone hormone controls this (along with Na+ reabsorption at distal tubule and collecting duct).

27
Q

How do we maintain homeostasis with regards to the pH of our blood? (delete)

A
  1. We increase the rate of breathing which releases carbon dioxide faster (and carbon dioxide increases the pH of our blood).
  2. We release more H+ ions in our urine to try to reduce the acidity of the urine and raise the ph.
28
Q

What is ADH and what stimulates its release?

A

ADH is antidiuretic hormone. It is stimulated when a person is dehydrated and the volume of water in their blood has decreased and therefore solute concentration has increased.

29
Q

What parts of the nephron does ADH target?

A

ADH causes water to be reabsorbed from the distal tubule and collecting duct. When water volume and blood pressure have returned to normal, ADH won’t be released any longer.

30
Q

How does alcohol and Caffeine affect ADH?

A

Alcohol and Caffeine interferes with this hormone. Often called the “stop peeing hormone”, alcohol inhibits (slows) its release causing someone to urinate more frequently.

31
Q

What is aldosterone and what stimulates its release? What parts of the nephron does it target?

A

Aldosterone is a hormone that is stimulated when salt concentrations drop below the desired level. This causes the distal tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more salt (NaCl) and water causing blood pressure to increase back to normal.

32
Q

what does the Aldosterone hormone control the secretion of?

A

potassium ions in the distal tubule

33
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

sugar diabetes - the body does not respond to insulin and a person’s urine contains glucose

34
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Lack of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Causes an abundance of urine to be produced. As a result there is a large volume of urine.

35
Q

List Uric acid, Ammonia, and Urea in terms of toxicity.

A

Ammonia- most toxic

Urea- next

Uric acid- least toxic

36
Q

Where in the body is ammonia converted into urea?

A

in the liver

37
Q

Explain how an increase in blood pressure could affect the kidneys.

A

An increase in blood pressure could cause damage to the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, reducing the effectiveness of filtration.

Bio - 20 (12 decks)

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