CH 4:

Question 1

What is the scientist Buffon known for?

Answer 1

1. Suggested that the earth was much older than 6000 years
2. Speculated that humans and apes have a common ancestor
3. Despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants & animals.

Question 2

What is the scientist Cuvier known for?

Answer 2

1. Made paleontology - The study of fossils
2. Defined stratum - a type of rock characterized by a unique fossil
3. A deeper stratum contains older life
4. Catastrophism - only catastrophic events or “revolutions” events changed the geological structure of the earth

Question 3

What is the scientist Lyell known for?

Answer 3

The geological changes of the planet are slow and continuous (uniformitarian)

Question 4

What is the scientist Lamarck known for?

Answer 4

1. Line of decent - Progression in a series of fossils to a modern species
2. Change occurs because passed on to its offspring by psychological needs or lack of them in its own time
   2b. Inheritance of acquired characteristic

Question 5

What is the scientist Darwin known for?

Answer 5

1. Present forms have arisen by decent and modification from an ancestrial species
2. Variation - a species must have different characteristics
3. Inheritance - this variation is passed on to offspring
4. Overproduction - a species will make more offspring than can survive so the strongest life
5. the ones that don’t die are most Fit and pass on traits to offspring.

Question 6

How does variation Occur in a species?

Answer 6

Sexual reproduction and Heritable mutations.

Question 7

What are the two points of sexual reproduction

Answer 7

Your exactly 50% each parent

The offspring is different from either parent

Question 8

2 wierd phsiological changes

Answer 8

camoflage and hibernation

Question 9

What causes mutations?

Answer 9

Change in genetic information caused by…
- an issue with DNA replication.
- an enviromental factor.

Question 10

3 examles of Mutagens.

Answer 10

Cigarettes
Radiation
UV Light

Question 11

What are Disadvantageous Mutations? What is an example?

Answer 11

Selective Disadvantage: mutations that decrease an individual’s ability to reproduce because they may affect survival.

Sickle cell desease

Question 12

What are Advantageous Mutations? What is an example?

Answer 12

Selective advantage: mutations that give an individual an advantage to reproduce over an individual who doesn’t have the mutation

DDT resistant houseflies

Question 13

What is a selective pressure? What are some examples?

Answer 13

Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against others

Drought, Famine, Weather, Competitions for food, mates, and space,

Question 14

Define Natural Selection. What is a example?

Answer 14

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring better adabted to their surroundings.

Peppered Moths - Black or white peppered moths survive better in different enviroments (during the industrial rev. black moths were best suited because of the soot)

Question 15

What are the 3 human impacts on natural selection with examples.

Answer 15

1. Loss of genetic diversity - farmers farming monoculture plants
2. Artificial selection - selective cow breeding
3. overuse of general antibiotics - leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 16

Explain adaptation

Answer 16

Adaptations are what speices develop to overcome selective pressures in their enviroment.

Developled through natural selection.

Question 17

What are the three different types of adaptations?

Answer 17

1. Structural adaptations - Physical
2. Behavioural adaptations - Behavioural
3. Physiological adaptations - Chemical

Question 18

Define heritable traits.

Answer 18

Can pass on to offspring

Some Mutations cannot do this (cancer)

Question 19

Define speciation.

Answer 19

The formation of a new species

Darwins Finches

Question 20

Define adaptive radiation?

Answer 20

The diversification of a species into forms filling different ecological niches

Species develep into different ones (darwins finches)

Question 21

Define niche.

Answer 21

A position or role taken by a kind of organism in it’s community

Question 22

What conditions are nessesary for speciation? What are the two barriers

Answer 22

The organisms are reproductively isolated from each other. When they can’t mate, then over time a new species will form.

Geological (mountains) and Biological barriers (Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic)

Question 23

What is a pre-zygotic barrier

Answer 23

Something that prevents mating or fertilization if mating occurs.

Different taste in song

Question 24

Define post-zygotic barrier

Answer 24

Prevent hybrid offspring from developing into a viable, fertile adult.

Question 25

What proves continental drift and Pangea.

Answer 25

Certain fossils and animals can be found on separate continents, therefore must have been in close proximity with each other at some point.

Question 26

Define chronometric dating

Answer 26

Finding/Using radio-isotopes and previous data to produce dates for when a specimen is formed. | Carbon Dating - carbon 12 & carbon 14

Question 27

Define half-life

Answer 27

Time for 50% of radioactive substance to decay | (inverse relationship with time)

Question 28

What is the order number of fossil records

Answer 28

1. amphibians 2. reptiles 3. mammals and birds

Question 29

Define transitional fossils.

Answer 29

A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

Question 30

Define homologous structures

Answer 30

Organisms Have similar structural elements and origin but may have different functions [https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20220926160839/Homologusorgans.jpg] | Wrist bones in bats, humans and whales.

Question 31

Define analogous structures

Answer 31

Body parts that **perform similar functions** even though organisms **do not** have common evolutionary origin | Bird, Bat, and Butterfly wings

Question 32

Define vestigial structures.

Answer 32

Have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed | Goosebumps, Wisdom Teeth

Question 33

How can we trace human ancestry and where can we trace it too.

Answer 33

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother (because the egg is much larger than the sperm) can be traced to Africa

Question 34

How do we compare the DNA of animals

Answer 34

Find the letters that are exactly the same on the same row and count the bases. Animals with the most similar *"Bases"* are most similar

Question 35

Define hybrid

Answer 35

Mixed animal that’s viable | can be weak, fertile, or infertile

Question 36

Define Viable

Answer 36

Alive

Question 37

Define transformation and give an example

Answer 37

New species gradually develops and replaces the ancestor species as a result of mutation and adaption to selective pressures The mammoth

Question 38

Define divergence

Answer 38

One or more species arise from a parent species that **continues** to exist

Question 39

Define gradualism

Answer 39

Gradual accumulation of small changes over a long time.

Question 40

Define punctuated equilibrium

Answer 40

Rapid bursts of change mixed with long periods of little to no change

Question 41

Most evolution happens _ (slow/fast) but the one exception is with _ that happen (slow/fast)

Answer 41

Slow, plants, fast

Question 42

What are the two types of evolution

Answer 42

Divergent and convergent

Question 43

Define divergent evolution

Answer 43

When two species share the same ancestral origins but have evolved differently

Question 44

Define convergent evolution

Answer 44

Process whereby organisms **not closely related** independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

Question 45

Define extinction

Answer 45

The end of an organism or group of organisms (usually a species)