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Bio - 20 > CH 4: > Flashcards

CH 4: Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the scientist Buffon known for?

A
  1. Suggested that the earth was much older than 6000 years
  2. Speculated that humans and apes have a common ancestor
  3. Despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants & animals.
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2
Q

What is the scientist Cuvier known for?

A
  1. Made paleontology - The study of fossils
  2. Defined stratum - a type of rock characterized by a unique fossil
  3. A deeper stratum contains older life
  4. Catastrophism - only catastrophic events or “revolutions” events changed the geological structure of the earth
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3
Q

What is the scientist Lyell known for?

A

The geological changes of the planet are slow and continuous (uniformitarian)

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4
Q

What is the scientist Lamarck known for?

A
  1. Line of decent - Progression in a series of fossils to a modern species
  2. Change occurs because passed on to its offspring by psychological needs or lack of them in its own time
    2b. Inheritance of acquired characteristic
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5
Q

What is the scientist Darwin known for?

A
  1. Present forms have arisen by decent and modification from an ancestrial species
  2. Variation - a species must have different characteristics
  3. Inheritance - this variation is passed on to offspring
  4. Overproduction - a species will make more offspring than can survive so the strongest life
  5. the ones that don’t die are most Fit and pass on traits to offspring.
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6
Q

How does variation Occur in a species?

A

Sexual reproduction and Heritable mutations.

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7
Q

What are the two points of sexual reproduction

A

Your exactly 50% each parent

The offspring is different from either parent

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8
Q

2 wierd phsiological changes

A

camoflage and hibernation

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9
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Change in genetic information caused by…
- an issue with DNA replication.
- an enviromental factor.

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10
Q

3 examles of Mutagens.

A

Cigarettes
Radiation
UV Light

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11
Q

What are Disadvantageous Mutations? What is an example?

A

Selective Disadvantage: mutations that decrease an individual’s ability to reproduce because they may affect survival.

Sickle cell desease

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12
Q

What are Advantageous Mutations? What is an example?

A

Selective advantage: mutations that give an individual an advantage to reproduce over an individual who doesn’t have the mutation

DDT resistant houseflies

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13
Q

What is a selective pressure? What are some examples?

A

Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against others

Drought, Famine, Weather, Competitions for food, mates, and space,

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14
Q

Define Natural Selection. What is a example?

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring better adabted to their surroundings.

Peppered Moths - Black or white peppered moths survive better in different enviroments (during the industrial rev. black moths were best suited because of the soot)

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15
Q

What are the 3 human impacts on natural selection with examples.

A
  1. Loss of genetic diversity - farmers farming monoculture plants
  2. Artificial selection - selective cow breeding
  3. overuse of general antibiotics - leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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16
Q

Explain adaptation

A

Adaptations are what speices develop to overcome selective pressures in their enviroment.

Developled through natural selection.

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17
Q

What are the three different types of adaptations?

A
  1. Structural adaptations - Physical
  2. Behavioural adaptations - Behavioural
  3. Physiological adaptations - Chemical
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18
Q

Define heritable traits.

A

Can pass on to offspring

Some Mutations cannot do this (cancer)

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19
Q

Define speciation.

A

The formation of a new species

Darwins Finches

20
Q

Define adaptive radiation?

A

The diversification of a species into forms filling different ecological niches

Species develep into different ones (darwins finches)

21
Q

Define niche.

A

A position or role taken by a kind of organism in it’s community

22
Q

What conditions are nessesary for speciation? What are the two barriers

A

The organisms are reproductively isolated from each other. When they can’t mate, then over time a new species will form.

Geological (mountains) and Biological barriers (Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic)

23
Q

What is a pre-zygotic barrier

A

Something that prevents mating or fertilization if mating occurs.

Different taste in song

24
Q

Define post-zygotic barrier

A

Prevent hybrid offspring from developing into a viable, fertile adult.

25
Q

What proves continental drift and Pangea.

A

Certain fossils and animals can be found on separate continents, therefore must have been in close proximity with each other at some point.

26
Q

Define chronometric dating

A

Finding/Using radio-isotopes and previous data to produce dates for when a specimen is formed.

Carbon Dating - carbon 12 & carbon 14

27
Q

Define half-life

A

Time for 50% of radioactive substance to decay

(inverse relationship with time)

28
Q

What is the order number of fossil records

A
  1. amphibians
  2. reptiles
  3. mammals and birds
29
Q

Define transitional fossils.

A

A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

30
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Organisms Have similar structural elements and origin but may have different functions

[https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20220926160839/Homologusorgans.jpg]

Wrist bones in bats, humans and whales.

31
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Body parts that perform similar functions even though organisms do not have common evolutionary origin

Bird, Bat, and Butterfly wings

32
Q

Define vestigial structures.

A

Have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed

Goosebumps, Wisdom Teeth

33
Q

How can we trace human ancestry and where can we trace it too.

A

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother (because the egg is much larger than the sperm) can be traced to Africa

34
Q

How do we compare the DNA of animals

A

Find the letters that are exactly the same on the same row and count the bases.

Animals with the most similar “Bases” are most similar

35
Q

Define hybrid

A

Mixed animal that’s viable

can be weak, fertile, or infertile

36
Q

Define Viable

A

Alive

37
Q

Define transformation and give an example

A

New species gradually develops and replaces the ancestor species as a result of mutation and adaption to selective pressures

The mammoth

38
Q

Define divergence

A

One or more species arise from a parent species that continues to exist

39
Q

Define gradualism

A

Gradual accumulation of small changes over a long time.

40
Q

Define punctuated equilibrium

A

Rapid bursts of change mixed with long periods of little to no change

41
Q

Most evolution happens _ (slow/fast) but the one exception is with _ that happen (slow/fast)

A

Slow, plants, fast

42
Q

What are the two types of evolution

A

Divergent and convergent

43
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

When two species share the same ancestral origins but have evolved differently

44
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

45
Q

Define extinction

A

The end of an organism or group of organisms (usually a species)

Bio - 20 (12 decks)

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