CH 4: Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is the scientist Buffon known for?

A
  1. Suggested that the earth was much older than 6000 years
  2. Speculated that humans and apes have a common ancestor
  3. Despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants & animals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the scientist Cuvier known for?

A
  1. Made paleontology - The study of fossils
  2. Defined stratum - a type of rock characterized by a unique fossil
  3. A deeper stratum contains older life
  4. Catastrophism - only catastrophic events or “revolutions” events changed the geological structure of the earth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the scientist Lyell known for?

A

The geological changes of the planet are slow and continuous (uniformitarian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the scientist Lamarck known for?

A
  1. Line of decent - Progression in a series of fossils to a modern species
  2. Change occurs because passed on to its offspring by psychological needs or lack of them in its own time
    2b. Inheritance of acquired characteristic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the scientist Darwin known for?

A
  1. Present forms have arisen by decent and modification from an ancestrial species
  2. Variation - a species must have different characteristics
  3. Inheritance - this variation is passed on to offspring
  4. Overproduction - a species will make more offspring than can survive so the strongest life
  5. the ones that don’t die are most Fit and pass on traits to offspring.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does variation Occur in a species?

A

Sexual reproduction and Heritable mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two points of sexual reproduction

A

Your exactly 50% each parent

The offspring is different from either parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 wierd phsiological changes

A

camoflage and hibernation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Change in genetic information caused by…
- an issue with DNA replication.
- an enviromental factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 examles of Mutagens.

A

Cigarettes
Radiation
UV Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Disadvantageous Mutations? What is an example?

A

Selective Disadvantage: mutations that decrease an individual’s ability to reproduce because they may affect survival.

Sickle cell desease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Advantageous Mutations? What is an example?

A

Selective advantage: mutations that give an individual an advantage to reproduce over an individual who doesn’t have the mutation

DDT resistant houseflies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a selective pressure? What are some examples?

A

Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against others

Drought, Famine, Weather, Competitions for food, mates, and space,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Natural Selection. What is a example?

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring better adabted to their surroundings.

Peppered Moths - Black or white peppered moths survive better in different enviroments (during the industrial rev. black moths were best suited because of the soot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 human impacts on natural selection with examples.

A
  1. Loss of genetic diversity - farmers farming monoculture plants
  2. Artificial selection - selective cow breeding
  3. overuse of general antibiotics - leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain adaptation

A

Adaptations are what speices develop to overcome selective pressures in their enviroment.

Developled through natural selection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three different types of adaptations?

A
  1. Structural adaptations - Physical
  2. Behavioural adaptations - Behavioural
  3. Physiological adaptations - Chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define heritable traits.

A

Can pass on to offspring

Some Mutations cannot do this (cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define speciation.

A

The formation of a new species

Darwins Finches

20
Q

Define adaptive radiation?

A

The diversification of a species into forms filling different ecological niches

Species develep into different ones (darwins finches)

21
Q

Define niche.

A

A position or role taken by a kind of organism in it’s community

22
Q

What conditions are nessesary for speciation? What are the two barriers

A

The organisms are reproductively isolated from each other. When they can’t mate, then over time a new species will form.

Geological (mountains) and Biological barriers (Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic)

23
Q

What is a pre-zygotic barrier

A

Something that prevents mating or fertilization if mating occurs.

Different taste in song

24
Q

Define post-zygotic barrier

A

Prevent hybrid offspring from developing into a viable, fertile adult.

25
Q

What proves continental drift and Pangea.

A

Certain fossils and animals can be found on separate continents, therefore must have been in close proximity with each other at some point.

26
Q

Define chronometric dating

A

Finding/Using radio-isotopes and previous data to produce dates for when a specimen is formed.

Carbon Dating - carbon 12 & carbon 14

27
Q

Define half-life

A

Time for 50% of radioactive substance to decay

(inverse relationship with time)

28
Q

What is the order number of fossil records

A
  1. amphibians
  2. reptiles
  3. mammals and birds
29
Q

Define transitional fossils.

A

A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

30
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Organisms Have similar structural elements and origin but may have different functions

[https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20220926160839/Homologusorgans.jpg]

Wrist bones in bats, humans and whales.

31
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Body parts that perform similar functions even though organisms do not have common evolutionary origin

Bird, Bat, and Butterfly wings

32
Q

Define vestigial structures.

A

Have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed

Goosebumps, Wisdom Teeth

33
Q

How can we trace human ancestry and where can we trace it too.

A

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother (because the egg is much larger than the sperm) can be traced to Africa

34
Q

How do we compare the DNA of animals

A

Find the letters that are exactly the same on the same row and count the bases.

Animals with the most similar “Bases” are most similar

35
Q

Define hybrid

A

Mixed animal that’s viable

can be weak, fertile, or infertile

36
Q

Define Viable

A

Alive

37
Q

Define transformation and give an example

A

New species gradually develops and replaces the ancestor species as a result of mutation and adaption to selective pressures

The mammoth

38
Q

Define divergence

A

One or more species arise from a parent species that continues to exist

39
Q

Define gradualism

A

Gradual accumulation of small changes over a long time.

40
Q

Define punctuated equilibrium

A

Rapid bursts of change mixed with long periods of little to no change

41
Q

Most evolution happens _ (slow/fast) but the one exception is with _ that happen (slow/fast)

A

Slow, plants, fast

42
Q

What are the two types of evolution

A

Divergent and convergent

43
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

When two species share the same ancestral origins but have evolved differently

44
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

45
Q

Define extinction

A

The end of an organism or group of organisms (usually a species)