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Histology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

individual muscle cell/ muscle fiber

A

myocyte/ sarcocyte

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2
Q

muscle cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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3
Q

muscle plasma membrane or plasmalemma

A

sarcolemma

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4
Q

muscle type responsible for movement of skeleton that is under voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

____ % of body mass is skeletal muscle

A

40 %

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6
Q

_____ synthesize contractile proteins which assemble into sarcomeres

A

myotubes

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7
Q

connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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8
Q

several muscle fibers bound together into _____

A

fascicles

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9
Q

connective tissue surrounding fascicles

A

perimysium

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10
Q

entire muscle. surrounded by _____ and is continuous with tendinous attachment

A

epimysium

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11
Q

type of muscle fibers that are small fibers with large amounts of myoglobin; use primary aerobic respiration for oxidative metabolism; large number of mitochondria; resistant to fatigue

A

type 1 slow twitch fibers

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12
Q

type of muscle fibers that are large with less myoglobin and fewer mitochondria; use primary anaerobic glycolysis from energy production; abundant glycogen; extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum for rapid Ca release; fatigue rapidly

A

type 2 fast twitch fibers

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13
Q

breakdown of actin and myosin from extreme exertion

A

rhabdomyolysis

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14
Q

increase in cell size coming with exercise; due to increase of mitochondria and volume of contractile proteins

A

hypertrophy

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15
Q

decrease in cell size due to immobilization or disuse

A

atrophy

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16
Q

with increased age, progressive loss of skeletal muscle fibers not replaced

A

sarcopenia

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17
Q

small myogenic cells adjacent to sarcolemma that proliferate following injury and differentiate into myoblasts; primary regeneration of skeletal muscle

A

satellite cells

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18
Q

modified skeletal muscle fibers called ______ associated with modified nerve endings

A

intrafusal fibers

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19
Q

muscle spindles located within belly of muscle that are sensitive to changes in length

A

neuromuscular spindles

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20
Q

golgi tendon organs located within tendon sensitive to changes in tension

A

neurotendinous spindles

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21
Q

individual muscle fibers are composed of ____

A

myofibrils

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22
Q

myofibrils composed of numerous ______ or _______ in parallel bundles

A

myofilaments; contractile proteins

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23
Q

thin myofilament

A

actin

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24
Q

thick myofilament that gives skeletal muscle its striation

A

myosin

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25
Q

actin and myosin present in __:___ ratio in skeletal muscles

A

2:1

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26
Q

actin and myosin overlap in ___ band but not in ___ band

A

A; I

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27
Q

myofibrils arranged in ___ which are functional units of M cells

A

sarcomeres

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28
Q

______ act as anchoring points for actin myofilaments

A

z-discs

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29
Q

site where skeletal muscle innervated by motor nerve

A

neuromuscular junction

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30
Q

dilated terminal portion of axon surrounded by myelin that rests on sarcolemma

A

motor end plate

31
Q

dilated terminal portion of axon that is not surrounded by myelin

A

terminal bouton

32
Q

space between motor end plate of nerve and sarcolemma of muscle; bridged by chemical neurotransmitter

A

synaptic cleft

33
Q

chemical neurotransmitter used in muscle tissue

A

acetylcholine

34
Q

extensive network of tubules continuous with sarcolemma; indirectly links extracellular space with ER and intracellular environment

A

transverse tubules (T-tubules)

35
Q

forms triad with ends of T-tubules; enlarged portion of ER on either side of T-tubule

A

terminal cisternae

36
Q

total number of muscle fibers contracting at any given time determines strength of overall contraction

A

graded response

37
Q

group of muscle fibers supplied by single motor neuron

A

motor unit

38
Q

increase in number of motor units firing within a muscle

A

recruitment

39
Q

degenerative wasting disease that leads to muscle weakness due to genetic defect in muscle protein that leads to cell death

A

muscular dystrophy

40
Q

autoimmune disease caused by production of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors that leads to muscle weakness

A

myasthenia gravis

41
Q

rhythmic, wave-like contractions independent of neurological stimulation seen in smooth muscle

A

inherent contractility

42
Q

single central nucleus is seen in _____ muscle

43
Q

nuclei migrate to periphery of cell and lose ability to proliferate in _____ muscle

44
Q

actin and myosin filaments present in ___:____ ratio in smooth muscle

45
Q

T/F Myofilaments in smooth muscle are arranged in sarcomeres

46
Q

intracytoplasmic structures that provide attachment sites for actin that are functionally equivalent to z-discs

A

dense bodies

47
Q

T/F Smooth muscle lacks troponin complex that controls myosin binding

48
Q

binds and activates myosin cross-binding in smooth muscle

A

calmodulin

49
Q

T/F Smooth muscle lacks T-Tubule system and terminal cisternae of ER

50
Q

functional equivalent of T-tubules in cell membrane of smooth muscle

51
Q

smooth muscle fibers contract as a unit

A

single unit (tonic smooth muscle)

52
Q

smooth muscle individual fibers contract independently

A

multi unit (phasic smooth muscle)

53
Q

glandular epithelial cells can differentiate in _________ cells

A

myoepithelial

54
Q

sac-like fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the heart

A

pericardium

55
Q

outermost layer of heart made of squamous mesothelium on external surface of heart; supported by underlying fibroblastic connective tissue and adipose tissue; convex

A

epicardium

56
Q

blood vessels and nerves located within ______

A

subepicardial layer

57
Q

cardiac muscle; thicker in ventricles than atria;

A

myocardium

58
Q

arrangement of contractile proteins into sarcomeres similar to skeletal muscles composed of __ t-tubule and ___ cisternae of ER, located at z disc

59
Q

lines atria and ventricles, covers heart valves and is composed of simple squamous epithelium; supported by subendothelial fibroblastic connective tissue, interspersed with reticular fibers and smooth muscle; thick in atria than ventricles; concave

A

endocardium

60
Q

cardiac valves contain layer of fibrous connective tissue called __________ covered by endothelium

A

lamina fibrosa

61
Q

the ability to contract independent of stimuli that is exhibited by individual cardiac myocytes

A

inherent automaticity

62
Q

specialized connections between cells in cardiac muscle that enhance spread of contractile stimulus between cells and allow synchronous contractions; provide increased surface area for attachment of myofibrils between adjacent cells

A

intercalated discs

63
Q

cell junctions that make up intercalated discs

A

desmosomes, fascia adherens, and gap junctions

64
Q

bind individual myocytes together laterally and on ends

A

desmosomes

65
Q

join ends of muscle fibers in intercalated discs

A

fascia adherens

66
Q

located laterally; provide ionic communication between cells, synchronize contractions and allow muscle to behave as a syncytium in intercalated discs

A

gap junctions

67
Q

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers make up the ________

A

conduction system of heart

68
Q

pacemaker located at junction of superior vena cava and right atrium; generates impulses that induce contraction of atria

69
Q

as impulses travel across atria, they stimulate the _____ which delays impulse and give atria time to contract; located between right atrium and ventricle

70
Q

impulse travels down interventricular septum via _______ that branches into left and right AV bundles within the interventricular septum

A

bundle of his

71
Q

fibers further subdivide in ventricular myocardium and ramify into ________ within subendo and subepicardium off ventricular free wall that gradually merge with myocardium, initiate ventricular contraction

A

Purkinje fibers

72
Q

_____ stimulation increases heart rate (para or sympathetic)

A

sympathetic

73
Q

_____ stimulation decreases heart rate (para or sympathetic)

A

parasympathetic

Histology (10 decks)

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