Central Nervous System Flashcards
neurons of CNS are derived from _______ cells of neural tube
neuroectodermal
inflammation of spinal cord
myelitis
space separating dura mater from arachnoid mater
subdural space
neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular tremor due to death of neurons in substantia nigra; leads to decreased production of dopamine in brain; treatment involves administration of L-dopa, a dopamine precursor
Parkinson’s disease
single layer of specialized neurons that function in coordination and equilibrium that separates the molecular and granular layer of cerrebellum
purkinje cells
contains few neurons and large number of unmyelinated axons in cerrebellum
outer molecular layer
small cortical neurons with long, horizontal axons
cells of martinotti
highly branched support cells of CNS that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons
neuroglia
disease that is a form of dementia characterized by neural plaques and fibrillary tangles within cortex
Alzheimer’s disease
pyramid-shaped cortical neurons with long, slender axons varying in size from small to large; largest include upper motor neurons in motor cortex (Betz cells)
pyramidal cells
highly cellular, very basophilic; contains large number of neuroglial cells and small neurons called granule cells in cerrebullum
inner granular layer
highly vascular and adherent to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
connect ventral and dorsal horns are connected by _______
thin central commissure
surrounding white matter of spinal cord contains _____ tracts (sensory) and _______ tracts (motor)
ascending; descending
inflammation of meninges; can be bacterial or viral
meninigitis
death of an axon where the portion of axon distal to point of injury degenerates
anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration
includes sensory, motor, and association areas; organized into folds (gyri); composed of gray matter peripherally
cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
phagocytic, fixed- tissue macrophage that are the smallest neuroglial cells that are originally mesodermal and have immune function
microglia
thick outer meningeal layer of dense connective tissue internally lined by mesothelium; surrounded by epidural space
dura mater
pia + arachnoid mater
leptomeninges
___ matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons
gray (peripheral in brain and central in SC)
vascular structure arising from walls of ventricle in brain that contains modified ependymal cells that secrete CSF
choroid plexus
somatic sensory neurons lie in ______ of spinal nerves
dorsal root ganglia
horizontally oriented, spindle shaped cortical neurons with horizontal axons; least common type of neuron; found only in superficial layer
horizontal cells of Cajal
inflammation of brain
encephalitis
_____ matter contains mostly myelinated axons
white (peripheral in SC and central in brain)
composed of specialized epithelial cells that protect brain and spinal cord and are supported by connective tissue
meninx (meninges)
vertically oriented, spindle-shaped cortical neurons with vertical axons
fusiform cells
inflammation of meninges and brain
meningoencephalitis
small, star-shaped cortical neurons with short axons and dendrites
stellate (granule) cells
cuboidal epithelium lining ventricles and central canal of spinal cord; frequently ciliated; microvilli for reabsorption of CSF
ependymal cells
severe injury causing the death of the cell body
retrograde degeneration
support spinal cord; extend from pia and anchor cord to arachnoid, dura and periosteum
denticulate ligaments
immune-mediated demyelination in PNS often initiated by infection that leads to progressive weakness in peripheral muscle; can be fatal
Guillain-Barre syndrome
disease that affects alpha motor neurons of ventral horn of spinal cord; causes lower neuron paralysis and subsequent muscle atrophy; eradicated by Salk vaccine
polio
most highly branched and largest neuroglial cells that provide structural and metabolic support and aid in tissue repair following injury
astrocytes
lined by flattened mesothelial cells that separates the pia from the arachnoid mater and contains CSF and is continuous with ventricles of brain
subarachnoid space
inflammation of spinal cord and brain
encephalomyelitis
autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of CNS where antibodies destroy myelin sheaths around axons that leads to plaque formation; usually affects women 20-40; produces variable symptoms that produce multiple episodes
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
coordinates muscular activity, posture, and equilibrium organized into folds (folia) with central white matter containing mostly oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons
cerebellum
disease causing death of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscle
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis): Lou-Gehrig’s disease
contain sensory afferent nerve tracts
dorsal horn
contain efferent/motor cell bodies that innervate skeletal muscles
ventral horn
