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Tissues Of The Body > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

0
Q

What is myalgia?

A

Muscle pain

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1
Q

What is myasthenia?

A

Weakness of muscles

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2
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Muscular component of the heart

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3
Q

What is myopathy?

A

Any disease of the muscle

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4
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Sudden spasm of the muscles

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5
Q

What type of muscle is striated?

A

Cardiac and skeletal

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6
Q

What type of muscle is non-striated?

A

Smooth

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7
Q

Where are the nuclei located in skeletal muscle?

A

Peripherals

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8
Q

Where are the nuclei located in cardiac muscle?

A

Centrally

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9
Q

Where are the nuclei located in smooth muscle?

A

Centrally

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10
Q

What surrounds muscle fibres/cells?

A

Endomysium

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11
Q

What does the perimysium wrap around?

A

A fascicle

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12
Q

What is perimysium?

A

Connective tissue carrying blood vessels and nerves

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13
Q

What can be found in the A band?

A

Actin

Where it overlaps can contain myosin

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14
Q

What is found in the I band?

A

Actin only

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15
Q

Where is the H zone?

A

The region which only contains myosin

16
Q

Where is the M line?

A

Goes down the middle of the H zone.

17
Q

What is calcium’s role in the sliding filament theory?

A

Calcium bind to TnC of troponin
Causes a conformational change where tropomyosin moves away from actin’s binding site.
This allows myosin heads to bind to actin and contraction begins.

18
Q

What happens during contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

Myosin head attached to actin
This releases ADP and Pi
Myosin head pulls actin towards the M line
ATP attaches to the myosin head, releasing it from actin
ATP is hydrolysed and the myosin head moves to original position

19
Q

Why does rigor mortis occur after death?

A

Lack of ATP to release myosin head from actin so muscles remain contacted.

20
Q

Where on a sarcomere are T tubules?

A

At the junction between I and A bands

21
Q

What leads to the contraction of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Nerve impulse arrives at NMJ from motor neurone
  2. Causes release of Ach into synaptic cleft and depolarisation of sarcolemma
  3. Na channels are opened and Na enters the cell
  4. Voltage sensor proteins of T tubule membrane change their conformation
  5. Calcium is released from terminal cisternae into the sarcoplasm
  6. Calcium bind to the TnC sub unit of troponin
  7. Contraction cycle is initiated and calcium returns to terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
22
Q

In cardiac muscle, where are the T tubules found?

A

Along the Z bands

23
Q

In cardiac muscle, what are Z lines replaced by and what do they allow?

A

Intercalated discs

Gap junctions for electrical coupling with adjacent cells

Adherens-type junctions to anchor cells and provide anchorage for actin filaments.

24
Q

What do Purkinje fibres do?

A

Transmit action potentials from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

25
Q

What is the structure of the Purkinje fibres?

A

They are modified myocytes with abundant glycogen, sparse myofilaments and extensive gap junction sites.

26
Q

Purkinje fibres conduct quicker than muscle fibres. What does this allow?

A

Ventricles to contact in a synchronous manner.

27
Q

In which types of muscle are T tubules found in?

A

Cardiac and skeletal. Not present in smooth

28
Q

What does smooth muscle respond to and therefore contract?

A

Nerve impulses, hormones, drugs, local concentrations of blood gases

29
Q

How are the filaments arranged in smooth muscle?

A

Arranged diagonally within the cell so that it contracts in a twisting way

30
Q

What happens when cardiac muscle is damaged?

A

Damaged tissue cannot be regenerated. Fibroblasts invade, divide and lay down scar tissue

31
Q

How does skeletal muscle regenerate?

A

Satellite cells can divide

Can also fuse with existing muscle cells to in increase mass (hypertrophy)

32
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Movement
Posture
Stability of joints
Heat generation

Tissues Of The Body (15 decks)

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