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Tissues Of The Body > Infection And Immunity > Flashcards

Infection And Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

Why do individuals get particular infections?

A 
Weakened immune system
Genetic predisposition
Poor living conditions
Poor nutrition
No access to healthcare - vaccinations
Lifestyle
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1
Q

Gram staining process

A
  • positively charged crystal violet binds to negatively charged cell components
  • iodine forms a complex with the crystal violet
  • methanol/acetone extract complexes through Gram negative cell walls only
  • red dye stains the unstinted Gram negative cells
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2
Q

What influences the outcome of an infection?

A

Immune system
Drugs used
Body systems affected

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3
Q

What is an infection?

A

Multiplication/colonisation of pathogens in a susceptible host causing damage/dysfunction

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4
Q

Which bacteria do acid fast stains detect?

A

Mycobacterium - cause TB and leprosy

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5
Q

What is a non-pathogen?

A

A bacterium that doesn’t cause disease

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6
Q

Lists some DNA enveloped viruses

A

Hep B
Smallpox
Herpes

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7
Q

Non- enveloped DNA viruses

A

HPV

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8
Q

RNA enveloped viruses

A

HIV
Rubella
Rotavirus
Coronavirus

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9
Q

RNA non-enveloped viruses

A

Picomaviruses - hep A, polio, colds

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10
Q

Give some Gram negative bacteria

A 
Neisseria
Escherichia
Salmonella
Helicobacteria
Pseudomonas
Legionella
Bacteroides
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11
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Clostridium

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12
Q

What size are the ribosomes of prokaryotes?

A

30 + 50S

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13
Q

Which group does vancomycin belong to and what does this target?

A

Glycopeptide - cell wall

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14
Q

Which three antibiotic groups target protein synthesis in bacteria?

A

Aminoglycoside
Macrolide
Polyketide

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15
Q

Which antibiotic belongs to the chemotherapeutic group and what does it target?

A

Ciprofloxacin

DNA

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16
Q

What does reservoir mean?

A

Any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent multiplies

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17
Q

What is a source

A

A readily available form of an infectious agent

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18
Q

What does carriage mean?

A

The route taken by a pathogen eg nasal

19
Q

What does commensal mean?

A

The symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is unaffected. Time when the microbe is replicating or waiting for the immune system to be compromised.

20
Q

How does rifampicin work?

A

Binds to bacterial RNA polymerase preventing transcription.

21
Q

How does tetracycline work?

A

Targets bacterial protein synthesis by competing with tRNA at A site of bacterial ribosome.

22
Q

What is methotrexate and how does it work?

A

An anti-folate in cancer therapy.
Impairs the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate which is essential for DNA synthesis from folic acid.
Competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

23
Q

List 5 ways that cells can become resistant to antibiotics

A 
High rate of division
Decreased influx
Increased efflux
Increased transcription of target
Altered target
24
Q

Give features of the innate immune system

A

The inbuilt immunity to resist infection
Present from birth
Not specific for any particular microbial substance
Not enhanced by second exposure
Has no memory
Uses cellular and humoral components
Poorly effective without adaptive immunity

25
Q

Give features of adaptive immunity

A 
Immunity established to adapt to infection 
Learnt by experience
Pathogen-specific immunity
Enhanced by second exposure
Has memory
Uses cellular and humoral components
Poorly effective without innate immunity
26
Q

List the cells involved in innate immunity

A 
Macrophages and monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells
Natural killer cells
27
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells able to engulf and destroy bacteria, extracellular fibres and immune complexes

28
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The covering of a microorganism by antibodies or complement to render it recognisable as foreign by phagocytes, thus enhancing phagocytosis

29
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

Marks pathogens for their destruction by covalently binding to their surface

30
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive immune response?

A

T and B cells

31
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytosis

Present antigens to lymphocytes (adaptive immunity)

32
Q

What do transferrin and lactoferrin do? In at or adaptive?

A

Deprive pathogens of iron

Innate

33
Q

What do interferons do? Innate or adaptive?

A

Inhibit viral replication

Innate

34
Q

What does lysozyme do? I or A?

A

Breaks down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

Innate

35
Q

What does fibronectin do? I or A?

A

Opsonises bacteria and promotes their phagocytosis

36
Q

What does TNF-alpha do?

A

Suppresses viral replication and activates phagocytes

37
Q

What role do neutrophils play? I or A?

A

Phagocytic and antibacterial

Innate

38
Q

What do eosinophils do? I or A?

A

Anti-parasite and allergic response

Innate

39
Q

What do basophils and mast cells do? I or A?

A

Allergic response

Innate

40
Q

What do natural killer cells do? I or A?

A

Recognise and kill abnormal cells eg tumours

Innate

41
Q

What do cytokines do? I or A

A

Promote the differentiation and proliferation of lymphocytes

Adaptive

42
Q

What does penforin do? I or A?

A

Released by T killer cells and destroys cell walls

Adaptive

43
Q

What do antibodies do? I or A?

A

Protects the host by

  • neutralisation (prevents binding to epithelia)
  • opsonisation
  • complement activation (enhances opsonisation and lysis)

Adaptive

44
Q

T helper cells? I or A?

A

Become activated when CD4 binds to a specific antigen on the MHC/antigen complex of an antigen presenting cell (APC).
Once activated, it clones itself to form T helper an T memory cells

Adaptive

45
Q

B cells?

A

Divide to form plasma cells and memory cells when activated by T helper cells and release cytokines
Plasma cells produce specific immunoglobulin for non-self antigen

Tissues Of The Body (15 decks)

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