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Tissues Of The Body > Connective Tissue and Skin > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and Skin Flashcards

0
Q

What two things is the extracellular matrix made up of?

A 
Ground substance (hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates)
Fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic)
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1
Q

What are the two components of connective tissue?

A

Cells and extra cellular matrix

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2
Q

Name the two types of embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

Mucous connective tissue

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3
Q

What is the amino acid sequence of collagen

A

Glycine-X-Y

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4
Q

Give the structure of collagen

A

Three alpha helix chains wrapped around eachother

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5
Q

What type of collagen is in found in hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

Type II

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6
Q

Which connective tissue does Marfan’s syndrome affect?

A

Elastic tissue

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7
Q

What type of inheritance is Marfan’s?

A

Autosomal dominant

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8
Q

What type of connective tissue is the dermis?

A

Dense irregular

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9
Q

How does the arrangement of collagen make skin more resistant to tearing

A

Bundles of collagen are densely packed but irregularly arranged so that they are orientated in different directions

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10
Q

How are tendons arranged?

A

Collagen bundles lie in a parallel, densely packed formation in a line. Rows of elongated fibroblasts lie between the bundles.

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11
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Synthesis and secrete ground substance and the fibres that lie within the ground substance.

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12
Q

Give three fibres that make up connective tissue

A

Collagen, elastin, reticular

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13
Q

Name the four layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, granular layer, prickle cell layer, basal layer

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14
Q

In which layer of the epidermis does keratinocytes mitosis mostly occur?

A

Basal layer

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15
Q

In which layer do the keratinocyte daughter cells lose their ability to divide?

A

Prickle cell layer

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16
Q

What do keratinocytes synthesise?

A

Keratins

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17
Q

What happens to keratinocytes in the granular layer of the epidermis?

A

Lose their plasma membrane

Differentiate into corneocytes, the main cells of the stratum corneum

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18
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains keratohyalin granules?

A

Granular layer

19
Q

What are keratohyalin granules made up of?

A

Aggregations of keratins, other fibrous proteins, enzymes which degrade the phospholipid bilayer and cross-link proteins including fillagrin and involucrin.

20
Q

What type of cells is the stratum corneum made up of?

A

Flattened corneocytes

21
Q

What is the transit time of a keratinocyte from the basal layer to the stratum corneum?

A

30-40 days

22
Q

In which layer of the epidermis are Langerhans cells found?

A

Prickle cell layer

23
Q

What do Langerhans cells in the epidermis do?

A

Present antigens to T lymphocytes

Mediate immune reactions

24
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Abnormal epidermal growth and differentiation

25
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes.

26
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

The basal layer of the epidermis

27
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Cells, fibres and ground substance which has a number of functions including joining together other tissues, supporting the body and its structures, and providing protection for underlying organs.

28
Q

What is the structure of a proteoglycan monomer?

A

A core protein with about 100 glycosaminoglycan (GAG) units attached.

29
Q

What charge do GAGs have and what does this do?

A

Negative

Attract water to form a hydrated gel

30
Q

Where can type I collagen be found?

A

In the skin dermis, tendons and capsules of organs.

31
Q

What is reticulin?

A

Type III collagen

32
Q

Where is reticulin found?

A

Forms fibrils around nerve and muscle cells and within lymphatic tissues and organs.

33
Q

Where are elastic fibres found?

A

Artery walls and dermis

34
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytic - can degrade foreign organisms and cell debris

Professional antigen presenting cells (present foreign material to T lymphocytes of the immune system)

35
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Become coated with Immunoglobulin E. When IgE binds cross links with an allergen, contents of granules in the mast cells are released. Granules contain heparin, histamine, substances that attract eosinophils and neutrophils.

36
Q

Describe the process of keratinocyte differentiation

A

Keratinocyte mitosis occurs in the basal layer

Daughter keratinocytes move up to form the prickle cell layer.
Terminal differentiation begins and they lose their ability to divide
Keratinocytes synthesis keratins, which contribute to the strength of the epidermis.

In the granular layer, keratinocytes lose their plasma membrane and begin differentiating into corneocytes, the main cells of the stratum corneum.

37
Q

What does the granular layer contain? (Detail!)

A

Keratohyalin granules which are aggregations of

  • keratins
  • other fibrous proteins
  • enzymes which degrade the phospholipid bilayer and cross link proteins
38
Q

What is allergic contact dermatitis?

A

Mediated by Langerhans cells

39
Q

What is malignant melanoma?

A

Malignant growth of melanocytes

40
Q

Give the main components of the dermis

A 
Extracellular matrix of collagen (mostly type 1) and elastin
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Mast cells
Nerves
41
Q

What do scars mainly comprise of?

A

Collagen

42
Q

What are the four main functions of the skin?

A

Barrier
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Psychosexual communication

43
Q

What four things can a loss of barrier function lead to?

A 
Loss of fluids
Loss of protein
Loss of other nutrients
Loss of heat
Excessive absorption of potentially harmful exogenous agents
44
Q

List some macroscopic variations in the skin

A 
Hairiness
Thickness
Oiliness
Laxity
Colour

Tissues Of The Body (15 decks)

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