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Integrative Physiology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of muscle

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated, voluntary, attached to bone

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3
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Not striated, involuntary, hollow organs

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4
Q

Flexor muscle

A

Brings bones together

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5
Q

Extensor muscle

A

Moves bones away

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6
Q

Flexor and extensor muscles are

A

Antagonistic muscle groups

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7
Q

Example of antagonistic muscle pair

A

Bicep (flexor), tricep (extensor)

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8
Q

Muscle organization

A

Fiber –> muscle fascicle (bundle of fibers) –> skeletal muscle –> tendon

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9
Q

Composition of skeletal muscle

A

Connective tissue, muscle fascicles, blood vessels, nerves

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10
Q

Muscle fascicles

A

Composed of individual muscle fibers

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11
Q

Sarcomere length

A

Z-disc to Z-disc

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12
Q

Z discs

A

Attachment sites for thin filaments

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13
Q

I bands

A

Lightest color bands, thin filaments only , divided by z disc

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14
Q

A bands

A

Darkest bands, thick filaments with thin filament overlap

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15
Q

H zone

A

Lightest region of A band, thick filaments only

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16
Q

M line

A

Attachment of thick filaments, divides A band

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17
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Myosin, actin

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18
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

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19
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

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20
Q

Contraction regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin, troponin

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21
Q

Thick filament anatomy

A

Myosin heads, hinge regions, myosin tail

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22
Q

Thin filament anatomy

A

Twisted chains of tropomyosin and g-actin molecules

23
Q

Nebulin

A

Inelastic proteins that align actin filaments

24
Q

Titin

A

Elastic proteins that stretch between M line and Z disc

25
Q

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores Ca2+

26
Q

Contraction

A

Creation of tension in muscle, ATP dependent, shortening of sarcomere

27
Q

Contraction coupling

A

Ach release from motor neuron initiates action potential in muscle fiber which triggers calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum –> contraction

28
Q

Muscle twitch

A

Single contraction-relaxation cycle

29
Q

Fatigue

A

Reversible condition in which a muscle is no longer able to generate or sustain the expected output; central and peripheral

30
Q

Central fatigue

A

From CNS –> psychological, reflexes

31
Q

Peripheral fatigue

A

Fatigue at neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling, Ca2+ signaling –> decreased neurotransmitter release, change in membrane potential, Ca2+ leak channels, depletion of ATP

32
Q

Causes of muscle fatigue during extended submaximal exercise

A

Depletion of glycogen stores

33
Q

Causes of muscle fatigue during short duration maximal exertion

A

Increased levels of inorganic phosphate, slows Pi release from myosin, decrease calcium release

34
Q

Causes of muscle fatigue during maximal exercise

A

K+ leaves muscle fiber, leading to increased concentration that decreases Ca2+

35
Q

Muscle fiber types

A

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative-glycolytic, fast glycolytic

36
Q

Slow oxidative muscle fibers

A

High resistance to fatigue; smallest diameter, high capacity to generate ATP, red, slow consumption ATP

37
Q

Fast oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers

A

Moderate resistance to fatigue; intermediate diameter, intermediate capacity to generate ATP, red-pink, fast consumption ATP

38
Q

Fast glycolytic muscle fibers

A

Low resistance to fatigue; low capacity to generate ATP, largest diameter, white, fast consumption ATP

39
Q

Rigor mortis

A

Metabolism stops, ATP supplies are exhausted –> actin and myosin cannot be released, muscles in state of contraction indefinitely

40
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Create force, move load –> concentric and eccentric

41
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Create force, no movement –> shortening of sarcomeres without change in length (elastic elements stretch)

42
Q

Concentric action

A

Shortening

43
Q

Eccentric action

A

Lengthening

44
Q

Load-velocity relationship

A

More load = slower movement of muscle

45
Q

Which muscle type has the longest contractions

A

Smooth muscle

46
Q

Which muscle type uses less energy?

A

Smooth muscle

47
Q

Which muscle type maintains force for long periods?

A

Smooth muscle

48
Q

Which muscle type has low oxygen consumption?

A

Smooth muscle

49
Q

What controls smooth muscle?

A

Hormones, paracrines, neurotransmitters –> multiple pathways for contraction and relaxation

50
Q

Single vs. multi-unit smooth muscle cells

A

Single= no innervation, Multi-unit= innervation (with varicosity)

51
Q

Smooth muscle compared to skeletal

A

Smaller fibers, longer actin and myosin filaments, activity much slower, not arranged in sarcomeres, less sarcoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

Stretch-activated calcium channels

A

Open when pressure or other force distorts cell membrane, smooth muscle

53
Q

Smooth muscle control

A

Antagonistic control, dual innervation from parasympathetic and sympathetic

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

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