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Integrative Physiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Law of conservation of energy

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2
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Entropy –> processes move from state of order to disorder

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3
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Energy absorbed; products have more energy (bonds are formed, bonds store energy)

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4
Q

What makes reactions irreversible?

A

Large activation energy

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5
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release of energy; products have less energy (bonds are broken)

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6
Q

Isozymes

A

Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction as another enzyme, but under different conditions

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7
Q

Enzyme catalysis

A

Speeds up chemical reactions without protein being altered or consumed

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8
Q

Law of mass action

A

When a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of the products and substrates remain constant

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9
Q

Factors that influence the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, competitive inhibitors, allosteric modulators, metabolic pathways (feedback inhibition)

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10
Q

Example of isozyme action

A

Tyrosinase (converts tyrosine to melanin); siamese cats have an isozyme of tyrosinase that is heat sensitive; warm areas of siamese cats are white because they cannot create melanin (pigment); cold areas (nose, ears, tail) are brown because they can create melanin

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11
Q

Cellular regulation of metabolic pathways

A
  1. controlling enzyme concentrations
  2. producing allosteric and covalent modulators
  3. using different enzymes for reversible reactions
  4. isolating enzymes within organelles
  5. maintaining optimum ration ATP:ADP
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12
Q

Catabolic metabolism

A

Extract energy for ATP production
Depends on exergonic reactions
**release of energy

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13
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Synthesis pathways
Energy converted to chemical bonds
Dependent on endergonic reactions
**putting energy in to get a larger product

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14
Q

Aerobic pathway for ATP production

A

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl co-A, krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)

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15
Q

Two mechanisms for ATP production

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaking down glucose, breaking carbon-carbon bonds to get smaller molecules and release energy

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17
Q

Fate of pyruvate in anaerobic and aerobic conditions

A

Aerobic: becomes acetyl-coA then enters krebs cycle
Anaerobic: converted to lactic acid

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18
Q

ATP production by Krebs cycle

A

1 ATP

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19
Q

Production of ATP aerobically vs anaerobically

A

30-32 aerobic, 2 anaerobic

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20
Q

ATP production from ETC

A

26-28 ATP

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21
Q

ATP production via glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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22
Q

Citric acid cycle is also known as the

A

Krebs cycle

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23
Q

In the presence of oxygen, ATP production is _____ than in anaerobic conditions

A

Higher

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24
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose, found in liver and skeletal muscle

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25
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breaking glycogen into glucose

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26
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose into glycogen (storage form)

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27
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of noncarb (lactic acid, amino acids, glycerol) molecules into glucose molecules

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28
Q

Keto diet

A

Utilizes gluconeogenesis

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29
Q

Lipid catabolism

A

Lipolysis, beta oxidation

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30
Q

Keto acid production

A

Deamination of an amino acid

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31
Q

Clearance

A

Rate at which a molecule disappears from the body

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32
Q

Mass balance

A

Existing body load + intake (met. production) - excretion (met. removal)

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33
Q

Mass flow

A

Concentration x volume flow

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34
Q

Why is chemical and electrical disequilibrium important for physiology?

A

Gradients drive exchange of molecules

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35
Q

Why are homeostasis and equilibrium not synonymous in physiology?

A

Disequilibrium is required to maintain homeostasis (ex. chemical/electrical disequilibrium)

36
Q

Permeability of plasma membrane

A

Permeable to small uncharged, polar molecules
Impermeable to ions, large, uncharged polar molecules

37
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a chemical from one place to another

38
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Difference in charges between two regions

39
Q

Electrochemical gradients

A

Combined influence of concentration gradient and electrical gradient on movement of an ion across a membrane

40
Q

Electrical gradient direction always goes

A

Positive –> negative

41
Q

Primary active transport

A

Directly requires ATP –> creates concentration gradient

42
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Activated by primary active transport, uses not ATP, uses concentration gradient to drive transport

43
Q

Properties of diffusion

A

Passive, high concentration to low concentration, net movement until equal, rapid over short distances, related to temperature, inversely related to molecule size (slower with larger mol)

44
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

Rate of diffusion proportional to (surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability)/membrane thickness and membrane permeability dependent on lipid solubility and molecular size

45
Q

Active transport requires

A

Energy, either directly from ATP (primary) or in the form of a concentration gradient (secondary)

46
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient due to its kinetic energy

47
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Solute moves across membrane without help of transport proteins

48
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Solute moves across membrane aided by channel protein or carrier protein

49
Q

Gated channel

A

A portion of the channel protein acts as a gate to open or close the channel’s pore to passage of ions

50
Q

Carrier protein vs. gated channel protein

A

Carrier protein = conformational change, gated channel = small gate (no conformational change)
**CARRIER PROTEINS NEVER FORM AN OPEN CHANNEL

51
Q

Types of carrier proteins

A

Uniport (1 molecule transported), symport (2 molecules delivered to same side), antiport (2 molecules delivered to opposite sides)

52
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Binds to substance on one side of membrane, undergoes conformational change, releases substance on opposite side of membrane

53
Q

Solute specificity

A

A given carrier protein transports only one solute or a group of solutes that are structurally related

54
Q

Channel vs. carrier protein

A

No conformational change in channel-mediated protein –> channel opens without requiring conformational change or ATP

55
Q

Sodium-potassium pump is an example of

A

Primary active transport

56
Q

Function of sodium-potassium pumps

A

Expels sodium ions and brings potassium ions into the cell against concentration/electrical gradients

57
Q

Na+ and K+ concentrations always occur in _______ direction

58
Q

Antiporters

A

carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions

59
Q

Primary vs. secondary active transport

A

Primary –> maintains gradient by moving molecules from low concentration to high concentration (against natural flow)
Secondary –> uses the gradient created by primary as energy to move substances

60
Q

Osmolarity

A

Measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of silutions

61
Q

Isoosmotic

A

Two solutions of the same osmolarity

62
Q

Hyperosomotic

A

One solution has a higher osmolarity than another solution

63
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

One solution has a lower osmolarity than another solution

64
Q

Tonicity

A

Tonic=tension, measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering water content

65
Q

Tonicity is NOT movement of ______. It depends on non________ solutes only.

A

Molecules (movement of water); nonpenatrating

66
Q

What solutions are used to treat dehydration?

A

Hypotonic (so water moves into cells)

67
Q

What solutions are used to treat bloodloss?

A

Isotonic, supports fluid remaining in ECF

68
Q

0.9% saline tonicity

69
Q

0.45% saline tonicity

70
Q

5% dextrose in 0.45% saline tonicity

71
Q

5% dextrose in 0.9% saline

72
Q

Isoosmotic vs. isotonic

A

Isoosmotic: solution has same concentration of molecules as another
Isotonic: no net movement of water in or out of cell

73
Q

Hyperosmotic vs. hypertonic

A

Hyperosmotic: higher concentration of molecules than another solution
Hypertonic: net movement of water out of cell

74
Q

Hypoosmotic vs. hypotonic

A

Hypoosmotic: less concentration of molecules than another solution
Hypotonic: net movement of water into cell

75
Q

Three methods of cell communication

A

Gap junctions, cell-cell binding, extracellular chemical messenger (endocrine)

76
Q

Extracellular chemical messenger pathway

A
  1. binding to receptor
  2. signal transduction
  3. cellular response
77
Q

Three types of extracellular chemical messengers

A

Hormones, neurotransmitters, local mediators (paracrine, autocrine)

78
Q

Transducer

A

Convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages that generate a response

79
Q

Modulation of signal pathways

A

Specificity, competition, agonist vs. antagonist, multiple receptors for one ligand

80
Q

Agonist vs. antagonists

A

Agonists activate receptors same as ligands, antagonists prohibit activation

81
Q

Cannon’s Postulates

A

Nervous regulation of internal environment
Tonic control
Antagonistic control
One chemical signal can have different effect in different tissues

82
Q

Tonic control

A

Regulates parameters in an up-down manner, increased and decreased signal rates

83
Q

Antagonistic control

A

Ex. heart rate, sympathetic nerves speed while parasympathetic nerves slow

84
Q

Receptor types

A

Cell membrane, intracellular OR specialized cells or structures (ex. nose, chemoreceptor cells)

85
Q

Afferent vs. efferent

A

Afferent carries signal to integrating center, efferent carries response towards effector cells

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

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