Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Integrative Physiology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cannons Postulates (4)

A
  1. Nervous regulation of internal environment
  2. Tonic control
  3. Antagonistic control
  4. One chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PNS

A

All nerves connecting to the CNS, cranial and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gray matter

A

Unmyelinated nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons, few cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cranium

A

Bony skull that encases the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bone where spinal cord runs through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meninges

A

Membrane between bone and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Purpose of meninges

A

Cushion and protect delicate neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Order the layers of the meninges from inside to outside

A

Pia mater (most inner) –> arachnoid mater –> dura mater (most external)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spinal nerve roots

A

Dorsal and ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dorsal spinal nerve root

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ventral spinal nerve root

A

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dorsal root gray horn

A

Process sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ventral root gray horn

A

Send out motor information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ascending vs. descending tracts

A

Ascending= carry signals to brain
Descending= carry signals from brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Initiates a response without input from the brain (ex. pulling hand away from something hot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spinal cord serves as an….

A

Integrating center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SEQ process of reflexes

A

Sensory receptor produces a sensory potential in response to stimulus –> sensory neuron conducts action potentials –> processed by brain or spinal cord gray matter –> action potential from integrating center travels to motor neuron –> effector (reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protects the brain from harmful substances, HIGHLY selective permeability –> mediated by astrocyte foot processes and tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Astrocyte foot processes

A

Secrete paracrines that promote tight junction formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevent solute movement between endothelial cells –> keep blood-brain barrier highly selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid

A

Clear and colorless, protects brain from chemical and physical injury, circulates through various openings in the brain and subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What produces the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Choroid plexus

A

At the center of the brain, produces cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Provides a layer of cushioning for the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Metabolic requirements of the brain

A

Oxygen, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Brain is responsible for what percentage of glucose consumption?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What passes freely across blood-brain barrier?

A

Oxygen, brain requires high oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What percentage of oxygenated blood pumped by heart does brain recieve?

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex, motor association area, responsible for skeletal muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex, sensory association area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual association area, visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex, auditory association area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Brain association areas

A

Integrate information from sensory and motor areas, direct voluntary behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Brain sensory areas

A

Sensory input translated into perception

40
Q

Brain motor areas

A

Direct skeletal movement

41
Q

Diencephalon

A

Inner brain: hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, pituitaries (anterior, posterior) –> centers for homeostasis

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Activates sympathetic nervous system, maintains body temperature, controls osmolarity, reproductive functions, food intake, influence behavior and emotions, influences cardiovascular control center, secretes trophic hormones that control release of hormones from AP

43
Q

Motivation state

A

Internal signals that shape voluntary behaviors, states of drive, autonomic and endocrine responses

44
Q

Behavioral state

A

Modulates sensory and cognitive processes, modulates motor output

45
Q

Diffuse modulatory systems

A

Group of neurons that influence attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, metabolic homeostasis –> originate in the reticular formation

46
Q

4 diffuse modulatory systems

A

Noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic

47
Q

What system of the brain creates emotion?

A

Limbic system

48
Q

Phineas Gage incident

A

Damage to frontal lobe, had change in personality, rational decision making

49
Q

Symptoms of frontal lobe damage

A

Memory deficits, loss of spontaneous behavior, apathy, impaired attention, depression, elevated mood, impulsivity –> may have normal IQ

50
Q

4 major steps of sensation

A
  1. stimulation of sensory receptor
  2. Transduction of stimulus
  3. Generation of action potentials
  4. Integration of sensory input
51
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

Encapsulated nerve endings, free nerve endings, separate cells (neurotransmitters required)

52
Q

Receptive fields

A

Receive sensory input, attached to a sensory neuron or group of sensory neurons –> can be large or small, depending on location, can overlap

53
Q

Properties of stimuli

A

Nature (modality, ie. touch, smell, hearing, etc.), location, intensity, duration

54
Q

Overlapping receptive fields

A

One receptive field may generate more action potentials than another, depending on where the sensation occurs in the overlap

55
Q

Two-point descrimintation

A

Size of receptive field determines whether or not points can be discriminated –> more, smaller fields= more ability to discriminate sensations

56
Q

Visceral reflexes

A

Spinal cord reflex, usually do not reach conscious perception –> integrated in brainstem or spinal cord

57
Q

Perceptual threshold

A

Level of stimulus necessary to be aware of particular sensation

58
Q

Modality of stimulus

A

Where sensory neurons are activated, specific receptor types

59
Q

Labeled line coding

A

1:1 association of a receptor with a sensation

60
Q

Population coding

A

Multiple receptors working together to send more information to CNS than can be provided by one receptor

61
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Increases contrast between activated receptive fields and inactive neighbors –> determination of very fine stimulus

62
Q

What is the one exception to location stimulus rule?

A

Auditory, ears are only sensitive to frequency, no receptive fields –> use this information to determine location (easier to percieve)

63
Q

Intensity of stimulus

A

Number of receptors activated, frequency of action potentials

64
Q

Duration

A

Coded by duration of action potentials, some receptors can adapt/cease to respond

65
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Fast receptors

66
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Slow receptors

67
Q

Somatic senses

A

Touch, proprioception, temperature, nociception

68
Q

Nociception

A

Pain, itch

69
Q

Merkel receptors

A

Sense steady pressure and texture

70
Q

Meissner’s corpsucle

A

Response to flutter and stroking movements

71
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Response to skin stretch

72
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Senses vibrations

73
Q

Hair root sensation

A

Free nerve endings wrapped around follicles that sense hair movement

74
Q

Temperature receptors

A

Free nerve endings, termination in subcutaneous layer

75
Q

Warm temperature receptors

A

Active above body temperature, also activated with pain receptors –> painful heat (burning)

76
Q

Cold receptors

A

Active below body temperature

77
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to strong noxious stimului (chemical, mechanical, thermal) that may damage tissue, modulated by local chemicals (substance P)

78
Q

Substance P

A

Secreted by primary sensory neurons when tissue is injured, stimulate pain –> cause of inflammatory pain

79
Q

Two nociceptor pathways

A

Reflexive protective, ascending pathway to cerebral cortext

80
Q

Reflexive protective pathway of nociception

A

Withdrawal reflex, integrated in spinal cord (ex. touching hot stove)

81
Q

Ascending pathway to cerebral cortex pathway of nociception

A

Pain/itch becomes conscious sensation

82
Q

Classes of somatosensory nerve fibers

A

Aβ, Aδ, C

83
Q

Aβ nerve fibers

A

Large, myelinated –> mechanical stimuli

84
Q

Aδ nerve fibers

A

Small, myelinated –> cold, fast pain, mechanical stimuli

85
Q

C nerve fibers

A

Small, unmyelinated –> slow pain, heat, cold, mechanical stimuli, ITCH

86
Q

Rank nerve fibers from slowest to fastest

A

C, Aδ, Aβ

87
Q

Itch

A

C fibers activated by histamines

88
Q

Pain

A

Subjective perception, fast and sharp (delta fibers), or slow and dull (C fibers)

89
Q

Gate control theory of pain

A

Pain fibers are blocked by interneurons until a painful stimulus is detected –> interneuron block removed and integration center is signaled

90
Q

Referred pain

A

Convergence of somatic and visceral first-order neurons on the same second-order neuron, interpretation by the brain as pain coming from somewhere else

91
Q

Chemoreception

A

Smell and taste

92
Q

Olfaction

A

Detection of scents by olfactory epithelium (cells in the nose), odorants bind to odorant receptors

93
Q

Odorant receptors

A

G-protein-cAMP linked membrane receptors

94
Q

Light receptor cells

A

Photoreceptors

95
Q

Optic chasm

A

Where the optic nerves cross

96
Q

Vestibular apparatus

A

Provides information about movements and position in space

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions