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Integrative Physiology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

cell to cell communication molecules

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2
Q

Pheremones

A

organism to organism communication

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3
Q

Hormones control

A

rates of enzymatic reactions, transport of ions/molecules across cell membranes, gene expression, protein synthesis

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4
Q

Hormones exert effects at _____ concentrations

A

very low

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5
Q

Hormone length of activity is dependent on

A

Half-life

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6
Q

Classifications of hormones

A

Peptide/protein, steroid, amine

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7
Q

Preprohormone

A

Large, inactive peptide hormones

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8
Q

Prohormones

A

Modified preprohormones, precursor to peptide hormones; smaller, still inactive

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9
Q

Peptide hormone synthesis

A

Preprohormone –> prohormone –> peptide hormone

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10
Q

Peptide hormone storage

A

Stored in secretory vesicles

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11
Q

Post-translational modification of prohormones

A

transformation into active peptide hormones; cleavage by enzymes in golgi body

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12
Q

Mechanism of action by peptide hormones

A

Hormone binds to surface receptors, signal transduction, enzymes activated, channels open, second messenger system activated, cellular response

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13
Q

Peptide hormones bind to surface receptors and initiate a second messenger system because…

A

They cannot pass through lipid bilayer

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14
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

Why can steroid hormones enter the cell?

A

Lipophilic, can pass through membrane

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16
Q

Target for steroid hormones

A

Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

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17
Q

Action of steroid hormones

A

Activate DNA for protein synthesis

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18
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Cortisol, estrogen, testosterone

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19
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin, oxytocin, parathyroid hormone

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20
Q

Half-life of steroid hormones

A

Long

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21
Q

Speed of action of steroid hormones

A

Slow

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22
Q

Half-life of peptide hormones

A

Short

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23
Q

Why can’t steroid hormones be stored in vesicles?

A

They are lipophilic and cannot be contained

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24
Q

Because steroids cannot be stored in vesicles, they are produced….

A

as needed

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25
Q

Steroid-producing organs

A

adrenal cortex (adrenal glands), gonads and placenta

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26
Q

Steroid-producing organelle

A

Smooth ER

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27
Q

Why must steroids be bound to protein carrier molecules in the blood?

A

They are not very soluble in plasma and other body fluids

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28
Q

Mechanism of action by steroid hormones

A

Unbound steroid hormone diffuses into target cell, reaches receptor (nucleus or cytoplasm), receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and represses/activates gene(s), activated genes are expressed (generate new proteins)

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29
Q

Amine hormones are derived from

A

Tyrosine, tryptophan

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30
Q

Examples of amine hormones

A

Thyroid hormones, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)

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31
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine; neurohormone, bind to cell membrane receptors

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32
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3, T4; behave similar to steroid hormones

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33
Q

Difference between catecholamines and thyroid hormones (both are amine hormones)

A

Behavior; catecholamines behave like peptide hormones, thyroid hormones behave like steroid hormones

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34
Q

Endocrine reflex pathway

A

Stimulus, afferent signal, integration, efferent signal (the hormone), physiological action, negative feedback

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35
Q

4 mechanisms of control for hormone secretion

A

regulation by nervous system, regulation by chemical change in blood, regulation by organ stretching, regulation by another hormone

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36
Q

Hormone regulation by nervous system

A

Nervous system –> adrenal medulla –> catecholamines

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37
Q

Hormone regulation by chemical change in blood

A

Low level of an ion –> gland detection –> release of gland hormone –> increase in ion concentration

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38
Q

Hormone regulation by organ stretching (ex. cervix)

A

Stretching of cervix –> posterior pituitary activated –> oxytocin released –> uterus contracts (POSITIVE FEEDBACK)

39
Q

Hormone regulation by secretion of another hormone

A

Gland releases hormone –> targets another gland –> second gland releases effector hormone

40
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Vasopressin, oxytocin

41
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH

42
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone (somatoroph)

43
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotroph)

44
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotroph)

45
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin (lactotroph)

46
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (gonadotroph)

47
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone (gonadotroph)

48
Q

Control of release of AP hormones

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Hypothalamus hormones

A

Releasing hormones: GHRH, TRH, CRH, PRH, GnRH; Inhibiting hormones: GHIH, PIH

50
Q

PIH

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone, released by hypothalamus

51
Q

GHIH

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone, released by hypothalamus

52
Q

AP vs. PP

A

AP is true endocrine tissue, PP is extension of neural tissue; AP releases more hormones

53
Q

SEQ Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Neurons synthesizing trophic neurohormones release neurohormones into capillaries of portal system; portal veins carry trophic hormones to AP; hormones act on AP; endocrine cells of AP release hormones into second set of capillaries for distribution into body

54
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; carries neurohormones to AP and hormones from AP to rest of body

55
Q

Three levels of endocrine control

A

Hypothalamic stimulation, pituitary stimulation, endocrine gland stimulation

56
Q

Three hormone-hormone interactions

A

Permissive, synergistic, antagonistic

57
Q

Permissive hormone-hormone interaction

A

Increases the effect of one hormone

58
Q

Synergistic hormone-hormone interaction

A

Increases the effect of both hormones

59
Q

Antagonistic hormone-hormone interaction

A

One hormone decreases the effect of another hormone

60
Q

Thyroid gland cell types

A

Follicular cells, parafollicular cells

61
Q

Thyroid follicular cells

A

Produce T4 and T3

62
Q

Thyroid parafollicular cells

A

Produce calcitonin

63
Q

Function of T3 and T4

A

Bind to receptors in somatic cells and initiate gene transcription, protein synthesis; increase basal metabolic rate, enhance action of catecholamines, regulate development and growth of nervous tissue and bones

64
Q

Long term effects of thyroid hormones

A

Metabolism, normal growth and development, nervous system development

65
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overactive thyroid; increases metabolism (heat, oxygen consumption), muscle weakness (protein catabolism increased), high heart rate (increases activity of epinepherine/norepinepherine)

66
Q

Sign of hyperthyroidism

A

Goiter

67
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased thyroid activity; slowed metabolism, oxygen consumption, heart rate, slowed reflexes, speech, thoughts, feelings of fatigue, decreased protein synthesis

68
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Small, embedded within thyroid gland; release parathyroid hormone

69
Q

Function of PTH

A

major regulator of extracellular Ca2+, Mg2+, and HPO42- concentrations

70
Q

Role of calcium in the body

A

Intracellular signaling, structural functions (strength of bone matrix, tight junctions), blood coagulation cofactors, neuron/muscle excitability

71
Q

What comprises the majority of total body calcium?

A

Calcium in bone matrix (99%)

72
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Deposit calcium as bone matrix is produced

73
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone matrix during bone resorption; secrete acid and enzymes

74
Q

Calcitrol

A

Released when Ca2+ low, increases intestinal calcium absorption, ensures Ca2+ available in extracellular fluid

75
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released when Ca2+ high, stops release from bone, increases excretion

76
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Located on top of kidneys, inner medulla and outer cortex

77
Q

Adrenal gland medulla

A

Produces catecholamine hormones

78
Q

Adrenal gland outer cortex

A

Produces steroid hormones; releases cortisol

79
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

Cells of adrenal medulla that secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine

80
Q

Functions of cortisol

A

Coping with long term stress (protects against hypoglycemia by stimulating catabolism of energy stores), promote gluconeogenesis, breaks down skeletal muscle proteins, enhances lipolysis, suppresses immune system, causes negative calcium balance, influences brain function

81
Q

Cortisol naturally fluctuates with

A

Circadian rhythm.

82
Q

What secretes melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

83
Q

Melatonin

A

Amine hormone derived from serotonin

84
Q

Function of melatonin

A

Influence circadian rhythm, protects against free radicals, inhibits reproductive functions

85
Q

Melatonin production inhibited by

A

Daytime

86
Q

What secretes glucagon?

A

Alpha pancreatic islet cells

87
Q

What secretes insulin?

A

Beta pancreatic islet cells

88
Q

What secretes somatostatin?

A

Delta pancreatic islet cells

89
Q

What secretes pancreatic polypeptide?

A

F pancreatic islet cells

90
Q

Types of pancreatic islet cells

A

Alpha, beta, delta, F

91
Q

Majority of pancreatic islet cells are ____ and produce ____

A

Beta, insulin

92
Q

Function of insulin

A

Remove glucose from bloodstream (cellular uptake), cellular uptake of amino acids/fatty acids, formation of glycogen, proteins, triglycerides, inhibit release of glucose

93
Q

Glucagon function

A

Breakdown glycogen, formation of glucose (gluconeogenesis), breakdown lipids, inhibit protein synthesis

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

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