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Integrative Physiology > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What exchanges materials with cells?

A

Capillaries

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2
Q

Composition of arteries

A

Endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle (primarily), fibrous tissue

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3
Q

Composition of arterioles

A

Endothelium, smooth muscle (primarily)

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4
Q

Composition of capillaries

A

Endothelium only

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5
Q

Composition of venules

A

Endothelium and fibrous tissue

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6
Q

Composition of veins

A

Endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue

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7
Q

Difference between veins and arteries

A

Arteries contain thicker layers of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

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8
Q

Why do capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic tissue?

A

To allow for exchange with cells

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9
Q

Metarterioles

A

regulate flow into a capillary bed

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10
Q

Arteriovenous bypass

A

Connection between an artery and a vein (component of a capillary bed)

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11
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Development of new blood vessels, involved in wound healing, uterine lining growth, controlled by cytokines

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12
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

Arteries

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13
Q

Blood pressure decreases as…

A

it continuously flows through circulatory system

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14
Q

MAP

A

Mean arterial pressure

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15
Q

MAP=

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure); proportional to cardiac output x resistance

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16
Q

Pulse pressure=

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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17
Q

Factors influencing arteriolar resistance

A

Local control, sympathetic reflexes, hormones

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18
Q

Myogenic autoregulation

A

Ability of an artery to control its own state of contraction

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19
Q

Active hyperemia

A

Increased tissue metabolism, vasodilators released, arterioles dilate, lower resistance, increase blood flow, O2 and nutrient supply to tissue increases (as long as tissue demands)

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20
Q

Hyperemia

A

Increase in blood flow, increase in metabolic activity

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21
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

Decreased tissue blood flow due to occlusion, vasodilators released, arterioles dilate, occlusion removed, decreased resistance increases flow, arterioles constrict as vasodilators wash away

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22
Q

Tonic control of arterioles

A

Duration of signal from neuron to arteriole changes diameter; decreased signal rate increases diameter, increased signal rate decreases diameter

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23
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Can constrict and prevent blood from traveling across capillary bed from artery to vein

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24
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Capillaries with leaky junctions

25
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Capillaries with large pores

26
Q

Transfer of large proteins and solutes through capillaries

A

Transcytosis

27
Q

Absorption

A

Fluid movement into capillaries (net absorption at venous end)

28
Q

Filtration

A

Fluid movement out of capillaries (net filtration at arterial end)

29
Q

Fluid exchange at a capillary is regulated by

A

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

30
Q

Relationship between lymphatic system and capillaries

A

Return fluids and proteins to circulatory system, filtering pathogens

31
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Monitor blood pressure

32
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitor joint movements

33
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex

A

Detection of blood gas and H+ levels, communicates to respiratory center to adjust breathing rates, adjusts MAP

34
Q

RAA system

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increases blood pressure

35
Q

Effect of epi and norepi on BP

A

increase

36
Q

Effect of antidiuretic hormone on BP

A

increase

37
Q

Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on BP

A

decrease

38
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma + cellular elements

39
Q

Plasma composition

A

Water, ions, organic molecules, trace elements/vitamins, gases (CO2, O2)

40
Q

Cellular elements of blood

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

41
Q

White blood cells

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

42
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Immunocytes

43
Q

Monocytes

A

develop into macrophages (phagocytes)

44
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes, granulocytes

45
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocytes

46
Q

Basophils

A

Mast cells

47
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Influences growth or differentiation of RBC

48
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Influences growth or differentiation of megakaryocytes (platelets)

49
Q

Hematocrit

A

ratio of RBC to plasma

50
Q

Shape of RBC

A

Biconcave disk

51
Q

Lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

52
Q

What happens when an RBC is destroyed?

A

Some components are recycled (amino acids, some iron, remnants of heme groups converted to bilirubin)

53
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying protein, contained in RBC

54
Q

RBC lack

A

a nucleus

55
Q

Why is the biconcave structure of RBC advantageous?

A

Increases surface area to enhance diffusion

56
Q

Agglutination

A

Occurs when wrong blood type is given in a transfusion, clumping of cells (can cause kidney damage)

57
Q

Rh blood group

A

Rh present (+), Rh absent (-)

58
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

When a negative mother has a positive Rh fetus (or vice versa) and the fetus is incompatible

Integrative Physiology (13 decks)

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