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Histology-Exam 2 > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle and forms tendons

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2
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds the fasicles

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3
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle cells

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of a myofibril

A

A sarcomere

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5
Q

Is skeletal muscle multinucleate?connected by gap junctions?
They are formed by the fusion of what

A

Multinucleate bc they are formed by the fusion of many myoblasts, not connected by gap jxns

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6
Q

What are satellite cells in muscle

A

residual myoblasts in mature muscle. can creat new muscle if there is damage

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7
Q

, where do you see the nuclei in skeletal muscle

A

periphery

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8
Q

Z disks

A

mark the boundaries of a sarcomere, contains actin and myosin

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9
Q

I band

A

Contains only actin filaments (thin)–looks light

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10
Q

A band

A

has actin and myosin –looks dark.

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11
Q

H Zone

A

Only has myosin (thick) filaments

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12
Q

How do the lengths of I, A and H change during contraction

A

I gets smaller, H gets smaller, A does not change

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13
Q

What protein is at the end of z disks

A

Desmin

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14
Q

Which protein is associated with actin? myosin?

A

Actin: alpha actinin, nebulin
Myosin: Titin

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15
Q

What neurotransmitter is at the synapse between a motor nerve axon and a skeletal muscle cell

A

Acetylcholine

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16
Q

Is ATP attached to myosin during contraction?

A

No, when Adp is attached to Myosin there is no binding/contraction. When released there is a conformational change that lets them attach and drags actin twoard center of sarcomere

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17
Q

What specific protein does Calcium cause a conformational change in to allow contraction?

A

Troponin which is bound to tropomyosin on actin. With Calcium it moves to allow contraction

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18
Q

Where is calcium stored in muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

What is the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum receptor that leads to the release of calcium? What leads to the uptake

A

ryanodine receptor leads to release, Ca@+ ATPase leads to uptake

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20
Q

What is a triad

A

Action potential to release Ca travels down transverse tubule. A triad is where the t tubule has a sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side initiating release.

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21
Q

What is type 1 skeletal muscle

A

Red/Slow Twitch -oxidative

22
Q

What is type 2B skeletal muscle

A

White/Fast Twitch -Glycolytic

23
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have a richer vascular supply

A

1

24
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have a larger fiber diameter?

A

2B- larger, stronger contraction.

25
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have a larger contraction speed? which one fatigues easier?

A

type 2

26
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have more myoglobin?

A

type 1

27
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have more mitochondria?

A

type 1

28
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have oxidative enzymes?

A

type 1

29
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

type 2

30
Q

Does type 1 or 2 skeletal muscle have large diameter nerve fibers?

A

type 2

31
Q

Is ADP or ATP bound during treadmilling

A

No myosin cannot bind to Actin with ADP attached when it is hydrolysed it moves along. When ATP/ADP bound they have low affinity for each other

32
Q

What is troponin attached to

A

Attached to tropomyosin protein between actin filaments.

33
Q

What do you stain for to see the difference between type 1 and 2B muscle? what is the difference

A

succinate dehydrogenase

1 is darker

34
Q

What causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrpohy? what does it look like on a slide

A

it causes an inability to make dystrophin (a protein that binds actin to cytoskeleton)

  • replacement of degenerative skeletal muscle cells by fatty and fibrous connective tissue
  • in stains see evidence of muscle damage (nuclei in center because they are new nuclei being made)
35
Q

What kind of innervation do extrafusal fibers get

A

motor

36
Q

Do extrafusal or intrafusal fibers serve as proprioceptors

A

Intrafusal

37
Q

What are the twi types of intrafusal fibers

A

nuclear bag and nuclear chain (based on where the nuclei are)
-they both receive sensory and gamma motor neurons

38
Q

Is cardiac muscle uninucleated or multinucleated?
does it regenerate?
does it store glycogen?

A

uninucleated
no it does not regenerate
yes it stores glycogen

39
Q

What are the three components of the intercalated disks

A

-fascia adherens, dsemosomes, gap junctions

40
Q

Where does the actin bind in cardiac muscle cells

A

fascia adherens

41
Q

Do cardiac muscles have triads

A

No they have diads, there is only SR on one side of the t tubule

42
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart

A

the SA node. it has the smallest myocytes so it beats at the highest frequency

43
Q

What is the special kind of fibers in the AV Node

A

Purkinje fibers

44
Q

What is special about purkinje fibers

A

they are specialized for conduction, contain few peripheral myofibrils, they are large cells rich in glycogen and mitochondria

45
Q

What is inside atrial granules

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

46
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide do

A

it lowers blood pressue by increasing sodium excretion and relaxing blood vessel smooth muscle.
-serves regualtory endocrine function

47
Q

Do smooth muscles go in all directions

A

yes, in a slide see them going longitudinally and cross

48
Q

Where are the nuclei for smooth muscle

A

central

49
Q

Where do you find smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow organs like th gut, blood vessels, ducts, uterus.

50
Q

Which kind of muscle has dense bodies

A

smooth

51
Q

what are dense bodies

A

netowrks of actin demisn and vimentin filaments that distribute strain during contraction

Histology-Exam 2 (13 decks)

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