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Histology-Exam 2 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Type 2 Collagen

A

Small Banded Fiber
Distribution: Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage, Eye
Fxn: Resists Pressure

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1
Q

Collagen Type 1

A

Large Banded collagen fiber
In: General CT, Tendon, Bones, Ligaments, Organ (capsules)
Function:Resists Tension

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2
Q

Type 3 Collagen

A

Small Banded Reticular Collagen
In: Lymph, Spleen, Liver, lung, cardiovascular, skin, bone marrow
Structural Framework

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3
Q

Type 4 Collagen

A

Sheet Like Layers

  • Basement membrane, Basal Lamina
  • Support/Filtration
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4
Q

Type 5 Collagen

A

Thin Fibrils

  • Dermis, Tenson, Bone ligaments, capsules of organs, placenta
  • With type 1
  • placental ground substance
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5
Q

Type 7 Collagen

A

Thin Fibrils

  • junction of dermis and epidermis
  • anchoring fibrils in basement membrane
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6
Q

What are the 5 kinds fo connective tissue proper?

A 
Loose (areolar)
Dense irregular
Dense regular
Reticular
Adipose
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7
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissues

A

Tendons, ligaments

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8
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue

A

Dermis of skin, nerve sheaths, spleen capsules, kidney, lymph nodes, testes, ovaries
-glands, GI tract, blood vessels (filling spaces just deep to skin)

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9
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

GAGs

  • polysaccharides of repeating dissacharides
  • Sulfated-gives the name (ex. Chrondroitin)
    • also gives it a negative charge which attracts Na+ and water to help resist compression
  • The protein attaching them is Hyaluronic Acid
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10
Q

What is the protein in unsulfated GAGs

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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11
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Protein Core with covalently bound sulfated GAGs

-important for binding and activation of growth factors

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12
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Ex: Fibronetin, lamin, enactin

FHave domains that bind components of ECM and integrins (found in basement membrane)

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13
Q

What is the general structure of a collagen Fiber

A

Made of many collagen fibrils. Firbil made of tropocollagen triple helix of alpha chains.
-Have overlapping regions and gap regions so it looks like dark/light pattern

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14
Q

What are the common amino acids in collagen

A

Every 3r amino acid is glycine

Other common ones: proline, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine

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15
Q

Where is collagen made? What are the three steps

A
  • Translated to preprocollagen in RER
  • Hydroxylated/Glycosylated in RER and procollagen made and secreted by Golgi
  • Outside of the cell procollagen peptidase cleaves to tropocollagen and spontaneous self assembly to make fibril
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16
Q

Are reticular fibers thin or thick

A

thin 0.5-2micrometers

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17
Q

Where are reticular fibers

A

soft tissues in lymph, liver, bone marrow, spleen

-provide the “scaffold”

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18
Q

What do you use to stain reticular fibers

A

Dont stain well with H&E, but they are pretty glycosylated so stain well with silver and PAS

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19
Q

Are elastic fibers thin

A

yes, much thinner than surrounding collagen in slides

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20
Q

What are elastic fiber cells made of

A

Elastin Core and fibrillin microfibrils.

21
Q

Where are elastic fibers found? are they in regular and irregular ct?

A

Larynx, Muscular Artery

yes

22
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C is a ofactor for proline hydroxylase

23
Q

Ehlers Danlos

A

Collagen or enzyme related to collagen mutation. super felxible joints, succeptible to GI tear

24
Q

Marfan

A

defect in fibrillin gene

25
Q

Is fibroblast a fixed or wandering cell

A

fixed

26
Q

What is the principal cell of ct? Where are they derived from

A

Fibroblasts. Mesenchymal cells

27
Q

What do synthetically active fibroblasts do

A

produce procollagen, and ECM components
-look spindle shaped, and contain well developed RER and Gogli (dormant ones look very different with mostly heterchromatin)

28
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

Have more actin and look like smooth muscle–help in wound closure and healing

29
Q

What are pericytes

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells associated with capillaries and small veules

  • smaller than fibroblasts
  • have characteristics of smooth muscle and endothelial cells
30
Q

What are the two type of adipocytes

A

Unilocular and Multilocular

31
Q

What do unilocular cells look like

A

A single large lipid droplet. it gets washed out in H&e stain

32
Q

What are the functions of unilocular adipocytes

A

White/yellow fat

  1. Stored lipid (triglycerides)-made in adipocytes or liver
  2. Mobilization of lipids (under hormonal control)
  3. Produce Leptin (decreases food intake, increases E consumption)
33
Q

What kind of fat do you find multilocular adipocytes

A
  • Brown fat. (it is brown because it has cytochromes in the mitochondria)
  • 2-5% of newborn body weight.
34
Q

What is the fxn of brown fat? What special protein does it contain in the mitochondria

A

Production of heat controlled by smpathetic innervation.

Mitochondria have thermogenin which allows back flow of H+ ions across inner membrane.

35
Q

What is hypertrophic Obesity

A

Adult onset, increase in cell size

36
Q

What is hypercellular obesity

A

Childhood onset, increase in cell number

37
Q

What is the main phagocytic cell of the CT

A

histiocyte/macrophage

38
Q

Where do histiocytes originate? as what?

A

Bone marrow as monocytes.

-part of mononuclear phagocye system

39
Q

What happens when macrophages fuse

A

they form foreign body giant cels that surround an phagocytose large foreign bodies.

40
Q

Where are the parts of the mononuclear phagocyte system made

A

monocytes

41
Q

Are plasma cells transient or fixed

A

Transient

42
Q

Where do plasma cells originiate

A

B lymphocytes.

43
Q

What is the typical appearance of a plasma cell nucleus

A

Cartwheel nucleaus.

44
Q

Where are plasma cells found? what is there fxn

A

abundant at sites of chronic inflammation

make/secrete immunoglobins

45
Q

Where do mast cells originate

A

Bone marrow

46
Q

How big are mast cells

A

very big 20-30 um

47
Q

What is the function of mast cells

A

inflammatory reponse.
The basophilic granules have primary mediators (heparin, histamine, eosinophil, chemotatic factors..)
secondary mediators as well (leukotrienes, thromboxins, prostglandins)

-anaphylaxis

48
Q

How are mast cells activated

A

Antigen binds to an IgE receptor and activates adenylyl cyclase. leads to Calcium release which releases the primary mediators
it also activates phopholipases- which converts arachidonic acid the membrane leading to the secretion of secondary mediators.

49
Q

What are mast cell primary mediators? how are they released

A

Histamine, heparin, eosinophil,neutropihl

released due to the Ca2+ and granule fusion. due to adenylyl cyclase cascade

50
Q

What are mast cell seconary mediators

A

Leukortienes, thromboxins, prostglandins

adenylyl cyclase activates phospholipases which converyt arachidonic acid in the membrane and these are secreted.

Histology-Exam 2 (13 decks)

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