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Histology-Exam 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of blood is erythrocytes? plasma? buffy coat?

A

erythrocytes: 45-50%
plasma: 50%
buffy coat: platelet/leukocytes: 1%

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2
Q

When you spin blood what is on the bottom of the tube

A

Erythrocytes they are the heaviest because of the hemoglobin. Plasma is the lightest.

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3
Q

What are the fibers in blood

A

Fibrin

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4
Q

What is albumin? source? fxn?

A

Blood protein, small (about 60 kDa). From the liver. Maintains osmotic pressure of blood.

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5
Q

What is alpha and beta Globlin? source? fxn?

A

blood protein from the liver for transport

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6
Q

What is gamma globulin? source? fxn?

A

blood protein from plasma cells that is for antibodies of immune defense

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7
Q

What are clotting proteins? examples? source? fxn?

A

fibrinogen, prothrombin
from the liver
form fibrin threads

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8
Q

What are complement proteins C1-C9? source? fxn?

A

from the liver. help with destruction of microorganisms and initiation of inflammation

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9
Q

What are Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL

A

C: 100-500 um transport triglycerides from diet to liver
VLDL: 25-70nm triglycerides from liver to body
LDL: 300kDa choletserol from liver to body

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10
Q

How big are erythrocytes? What is their lifespan

A

7.5 um in diameter

about 120 days

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11
Q

How do we get rid of erythrocytes

A

by macrophages in spleen bone marrow and liver

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12
Q

How do erythrocytes stain?

A

Densely (darker on the outside) because they are homogenous and contain hemoglobin

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13
Q

What charge is on the surface of RBC? What gives it that

A

glycophorin C is glycosylated which gives it a negative charge and makes it hydrophilic (means the cells want to interact with plasma not each other

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14
Q

how do rbc generate atp

A

glycolysis -anaerobic metabolism

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15
Q

Reticulocytes

A

1-2% of RBCs. immature rbcs that result from leakage of bone marrow before they are fully mature. contain residual ribosomes and other organelles. Have less Hb compared to mature RBCs
(stained by metthylene blue with structures)

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16
Q

What does Hb + O2 make? what color

A

Oxyhemoglobin (bright red)

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17
Q

What does Hb + CO2 make? what color

A

Carbaminohemoglobin (dark red). might look a little blue in the lips/fingers

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18
Q

What does Hb + CO make? what color

A

Carboxyhemoglobin (cherry red) make actually still look healthy

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19
Q

What is the cause of hypochromic anemia

A

Relatively normal looking cells (LOOK PALER), can be due to iron deficiency or blood loss

20
Q

what are symptoms of anemia

A

fatigue, pale complexion, breathlessness

21
Q

what is normochromic anemia what causes it

A

staining still looks normal but not as effecient at carrying oxygen
sickle cell anemia, hereditay spherocytosis

22
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis

A

causes normochromic anemia. Effects cytoskeleton of RBCs and they are not as effeecient at transporting oxygen and more fragile. In infants they have hemolytic jaundice. can try to remove the spleen in the long term.

23
Q

What is polycythemia

A

Erythrocytosis. Too many RBCs. can be due to moving to high altitude – can cause blindness (everest) because it increases the viscosity of the blood

24
Q

WHat are the three types of granulocytes? What percent of total WBC is each

A

neutrophilic granulocytes 60-70% , eosionophilic granulocytes 2-4% , basophilic granulcutes less than1%

all types of Leukocytes

25
Q

WHat are the two types of agranulocytes? what percent of total WBC are they

A

Monocyte 3-8% and Lymphocyte 20-25%)(both types of leukocytes)

26
Q

What are the three types of granules

A

azurophilic (primary) specific (secondary) tertiary

27
Q

What types of granules do neutrophils have? function?

A

All 3. fxn to phagocytose microorganisms

28
Q

WHat is distinct about neutrophil nucleus

A

distinct multi-lobed nucleus (highly segmented)

29
Q

What is different in female neutrophils?

A

A Barr body/drumstick appendage is there from inactive x chromosome

30
Q

What is a Band/Stab cell

A

immature neutrophil in circulation 0-3% of circulating WBCs

31
Q

What does an eposinophil nucleus look like? the granules?

A

its bilobed and the granules are coarse

32
Q

main fxn of eosionphils

A

major basic protein in eosiophilic granules kills parasitic worms.

33
Q

What does a basophil nucleaus look like? granules?

A

It is multilobed and so are the granules. they stain the same color so nucleus often hard to make out

34
Q

what are in basophilic granules? what is basophil fxn

A

heparin and histamine. mediate inflammatory reponse similar to mast cells. in anaphylaxis

35
Q

What do the nucleus of monocytes look like. cytoplasm

A

oval, horseshoe/kidney shape. cytoplasm has no granules and is basophilic.

36
Q

fxn of monocytes

A

precurosr cells of MPS that dfferentiate into CT macrophages

37
Q

What is the nucleus of lymphocytes like? cytoplasm?

A

round or slightly indented and rich in heterochromatin. the cytoplasm is basophilic

38
Q

What is the fxn of lymphocytes

A

1: B cells: plasma cells
2. T cells, cytotoxic, hleper, supressor
3. null cells, circulating stem cells, Natural killer cells

39
Q

What are the two areas of platelets/thrombocytes

A

Hyalomere- clear peripheral region

Granulomere- darkly stained central reion

40
Q

What is the fxn of platelets

A

blood coagulation. alpha, lambda, delta granules

41
Q

What are alpha granules of platelets

A

contain fibrinogen and PDGF (platelet dervied growth factor)- stimulates growth of endothelial cells.

42
Q

What are delta granules of platelets

A

Dense bodies. Contain serotonin and ADP. serotonin is a smooth muscle contractor, that closes off the site of damage, ADP attracts more platelets.

43
Q

What are lambda granules of platelets

A

Lysosomes. contain acid hydrolases and breaks down the blood clot

44
Q

What does the dense tubular system do in platelets

A

Involved in Ca2+ sequestration.

45
Q

What does the canalicular system in platelets do

A

They serve as ports of extracellular surface.

Histology-Exam 2 (13 decks)

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