MT Ch. 4-musculoskeletal Flashcards
Orthopedics
Diagnosis and treatment of conditions of musculoskeletal system
Chiropractic
Profession concerned with diagnosis and treatment of misalignment conditions of spine and musculoskeletal system
Orthotics
Making and fitting orthopedic appliances such as braces or splints
Podiatry
Diagnosis and treatment of foot and lower leg disorders
Prosthetics
Making artificial body parts
Arthralgia
Joint pain
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Callus
Mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during healing
Chondromalacia
Softening of cartilage
Crepitation
Noise made when bones or cartilage rub together in conditions such as arthritis
Ostealgia
Bone pain
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Synovitis
Inflammation of synovial membrane
Closed fracture
Fracture that doesn’t break skin Aka simple fracture
Colles’ fracture
Common type of wrist fracture
Comminuted fracture
Bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into small pieces
Open fracture
Fracture that breaks the skin Aka compound fracture
Compression fracture
Loss of height of a vertebral body caused by trauma or osteoporosis
Fracture
Broken bone
Greenstick fracture
Incomplete break; one side is broken and the other side is bent. Commonly found in children
Impacted fracture
Bone fragments are pushed into each other
Oblique fracture
Fracture line is at an angle
Pathologic fracture
Caused by diseased or weakened bone
Spiral fracture
Fracture line spirals around the bone, longer healing time
Stress fracture
Caused by repetitive low-impact forces such as running
Transverse fracture
Fracture line is straight across bone
Chondroma
Tumor formed in cartilage
Ewing’s sarcoma
Cancerous growth in shaft of long bones that spreads through periosteum
Exostosis
Bone spur
Myeloma
Tumor in the bone marrow
Osteochondroma
Tumor made of bone and cartilage, usually benign
Osteogenic sarcoma
Cancer in the osteocytes at the ends of long bones. Most common type of bone cancer
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones due to insufficient calcium
Osteopathy
General term for any bone disease
Osteoporosis
Bones become more porous and more prone to fracture and injury
Paget’s disease
Common metabolic disease of bones that destroys and deforms bones
Rickets
Bone deformities and bowed legs in early childhood for insufficient calcium and vitamin D
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory spinal condition resulting in gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
Herniated nucleus pulposus
Herniation/protrusion of an intervertebral disk Aka herniated disk
Kyphosis
Increase in outward curvature of thoracic region of spine Aka hunchback
Lordosis
Increase in forward curvature of lumbar region of spine Aka swayback
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
Spina bifida
Vertebrae fails to fully form around spinal cord
Spinal stenosis
Narrowing of spinal canal causing pressure on cord and nerves
Spondylolisthesis
Forward sliding of a lumbar vertebrae
Spondylosis
Any degenerative condition of the vertebral column, specifically ankylosing of spine
Whiplash
Cervical muscle and ligament sprain as result of sudden movement forward and backward
Bunion
Inflammation of bursa of first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of big toe)
Dislocation
Bones in a joint are displaced from alignment
Osteoarthritis
Arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones and joints (bone against bone)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic form of arthritis that results in crippling deformities
Sprain
Damage to ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching
Subluxation
Incomplete dislocation: alignment is disrupted but bones remain intact
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Chronic inflammatory disease affecting many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis
Talipes
Misalignment of the ankle joint and foot Aka club foot
Arthrogram
X-ray record of a joint
Arthrography
Process of xraying a joint
Bone scan
Patient is given radioactive dye and scanning equipment is used to examine bones
Dual-energy absorptiometry
Measurement of bone density for detection of osteoporosis
Myelography
Study of spinal column after injecting contrast material
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays
Arthroscope
Instrument used to look inside a joint
Arthroscopy
Examining a joint using an arthroscope
Arthrocentesis
Puncture of a joint to withdraw fluid
Orthotic
Orthopedic appliance used to prevent or correct deformities
Prosthesis
Artificial part used as a substitute for a body part
Amputation
Partial or complete removal of a limb
Arthroclasia
Surgically break a fused joint
Arthrodesis
Fusing the bones of a joint together
Arthroscopic surgery
Surgery performed while using an arthroscope to view the structure
Arthrotomy
Cutting into a joint
Bone graft
Bone taken from the patient used to take the place of a removed bone at another site
Bunionectomy
Removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe
Bursectomy
Surgical removal of a bursa
Chondrectomy
Surgical removal of cartilage
Chondroplasty
Surgical repair of cartilage
Craniotomy
Cutting into the skull
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of the lamina, the vertebral posterior arch to correct back problems
Osteoclasia
Surgically break a bond to for
Osteotome
Instrument used to cut into bone
Osteotomy
Procedure involving cutting into bone
Percutaneous diskectomy
Thin tube is inserted into the intervertebral disk and material is sucked out
Synovectomy
Surgical removal of synovial membrane
Total hip arthroplasty
Surgical repair of the hip by implanting a prosthetic joint
Total knee arthroplasty
Surgical repair of knee by implanting a prosthetic knee joint
Cast
Using a solid material to immobilize part of the body
Fixation
Procedure to stabilize a fractured joint while healing, external and internal fixation
External fixation
Casts, splints, and ions inserted through skin
Internal fixation
Pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires applied during open reduction
Reduction
Correction of a fracture by realignment of fragments, closed and open reductions
Open reduction
Correcting a fracture by going into the body
Closed reduction
Correcting a fracture without entering the body
Traction
Pulling a fractured or dislocated limb to restore alignment
Bone reabsorption inhibitor
Medications that reduce reabsorption of bones, improves osteoporosis and Paget’s disease Ex) fosamax
Calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy
Maintains high calcium in order to maintain bone density, improves osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets Ex) citracal or oystercal
Corticosteroids
Produced by adrenal cortex and has strong anti-inflammatory properties, treats rheumatoid arthritis Ex) prednisone
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs
Provide mild pain and inflammatory relief Ex) Advil, aleve, ibuprofen
Fascial
Pertaining to fascia
Tendinous
Pertaining to tendons
Kinesiology
Study of movement, how it’s produced, and muscles involved
Adhesion
Scar tissue in the fascia surrounding a muscle making it difficult to move the muscle
Atonia
Without muscle tone
Atrophy
Poor muscle development
Bradykinesia
Slow movement
Contracture
Shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to move the muscle
Dyskinesia
Painful movement
Dystonia
Abnormal muscle tone
Hyperkinesia
Excessive movement
Hypertonia
Excessive muscle tone
Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle bulk as result of use
Hypokinesia
Insufficient movement
Hypotonia
Insufficient muscle tone
Intermittent claudication
Severe pain and lameness caused by ischemia of the muscles (inadequate blood supply)
Myalgia
Muscle pain
Myasthenia
Muscle weakness
Myotonia
Muscle tone
Spasm
Sudden involuntary muscle contraction
Tenodynia
Tendon pain
Fascilitis
Inflammation of fascia
Fibromyalgia
Widespread pain in muscles
Lateral epicondylitis
Inflammation of muscle attachment to lateral epicondyle of the elbow Aka tennis elbow
Muscular dystrophy
Progressive muscle degeneration
Myopathy
General term for muscle disease
Myorrhexis
Tearing a muscle
Polymyositis
Inflammation of two or more muscles
Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
Muscle tissue is replaced with fatty tissue, making the muscles falsely appear strong Aka Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Torticollis
Severe neck spasms pulling the head to the side Aka crick in the neck
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Pain of finger flexor tendons and median nerves in the wrist caused by repetitive motion
Ganglion cyst
Cyst on a tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle
Rotator cuff injury
Injury to the joint capsule of the shoulder which is reinforced by tendons from several shoulder muscles
Strain
Damage to muscles due to over stretching
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon
Creatine phosphokinase
Enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle that is elevated in disorders such as heart attack, MD, and other skeletal muscle disorders
Deep tendon reflex
Striking muscle tendon with a reflection hammer to see if the muscle contracts
Electromyogram
Record of muscle contractions via electrical stimulation
Electromyography
Recording the strength of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation
Muscle biopsy
Removing muscle tissue for examination
Carpal tunnel release
Cutting the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by CTS
Fasciotomy
Procedure that cuts into the fascia
Myoplasty
Surgical repair of a muscle
Myorrhaphy
Suturing a muscle
Tendoplasty
Surgical repair of a tendon
Tendotomy
Procedure that cuts into a tendon
Tenodesis
Anchoring the tendons that move a joint
Tenoplasty
Surgical repair of tendon
Tenorrhaphy
Suturing a tendon
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Reduce muscle spasms Ex) flexeril
Abduction
Movement away from the body
Adduction
Movement toward the body
Flexion
Bending
Extension
Straightening
Dorsiflexion
Backward bending of hand or foot
Plantar flexion
Bending the sole of the foot and pointing toes down
Eversion
Turning outward
Inversion
Turning inward
Pronation
Turn downward or backward with hand or foot
Supination
Turn hand or foot upward
Elevation
Raise a body part
Depression
Downward movement
Circumduction
Circular movement from a central point
Opposition
Moving thumb away from palm
Rotation
Moving around a central axis
Bone marrow produces what?
Blood cells
Joint
Section where two bones meet
What holds bones together at the joint?
Ligaments
Osseous tissue
Another name for bone
Ossification
Gradual process beginning before birth in which bones are formed
Cartilage
Flexible tissue that makes up the entire fetal skeleton and is found in ears, nose, etc in adults
Osteoblasts
Immature bone cells that replace cartilage in the fetal skeleton
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts in adult bones
Long bones
Longer than they are wide, most bones in the human body Ex) femur and humerus
Short bones
Roughly as long as they are wide Ex) carpals and tarsals
Irregular bones
Their shape is irregular Ex) vertebrae
Flat bones
Usually plate shaped. Ex) sternum, scapulae, and pelvis
Diaphysis
Central portion of long bones
Epiphysis
The ends of a long bone
Articulate cartilage
Cartilage that covers the epiphysis to prevent bone from rubbing bone
Periosteum
Thin connective tissue membrane that covers the remaining surface of each bone
Compact bone
Hard exterior surface of bone, also called cortical bone
Spongy bone
Found inside the bone, also called cancellous bone
Red bone marrow
Found in the spaces of spongy bone, manufactures most of the blood cells
Medullary cavity
Open cavity in the center of the diaphysis
Yellow bone marrow
Found in the medullary cavity, starts out in life as red bone marrow but gradually converts to yellow. Made mainly of fat cells
Process
General term for any bony projection
Head
Large, smooth ball shaped end on a long bone May be separated from the body of the bone by a narrow area called the neck
Condyle
Smooth, rounded portion at the opposite end of the bone than the head
Epicondyle
Small projection on or above a condyle
Trochanter
Large rough process for attachment of a muscle Greater trochanter, trochanteric line, lesser trochanter
Tubercle
Small, rough process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
Tuberosity
Large, rough process that provides attachment for tendons and muscles
Sinus
Hollow cavity within a bone
Foramen
Smooth, round opening fir nerves and blood vessels
Fossa
Shallow cavity or depression on surface of bone
Fissure
Slit-type opening
Axial skeleton
Head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper extremities, and lower extremities
Cranium bones
One frontal, two parietal, two temporal, two ethmoid, two sphenoid, and one occipital
Facial bones
Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal, lacrimal
Hyoid bone
U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and larynx, attachment for swallowing and speech muscles
Trunk of body
Vertebral column, sternum, rib cage
5 sections of vertebral column and how many vertebrae each has
Cervical (5), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (1, 5 fused), and coccyx (1, 3-5 fused)
Intervertebral disc
Between each vertebra from cervical through lumbar
Floating ribs
Lowest two of the twelve pairs of ribs, they are only attached to the vertebral column while the rest attach to the vertebral column and the sternum
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula bones, attaches upper extremities to the axial skeleton
Bones of upper extremities
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Aka os coxae or innominate bone Contains ilium(plate pelvic bone), ischium(loop pelvic bone), and pubis(above the loop)
Bones of the lower extremities
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
How many phalanges on the fingers and toes?
28 each, three in each finger/toe and two in each thumb/big toe
Articulation
When two or more bones meet, a joint
Three types of joints
Synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
Synovial joints
Most joints in the body, freely moving Enclosed by a joint capsule
Joint capsule
Lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint Ex) ball and socket joint at the shoulder and hip
Bursa
Saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane Commonly between bones and ligaments or tendons, they reduce friction
Fibrous joints
Allow almost no movement, the ends of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue Ex) sutures of the skull
Cartilaginous joints
Slight movement but hold bones firmly in place by cartilage Ex) pubic symphysis, where left and right pubic bonds meet in the front of the pubis
Muscles
Bundles of parallel muscle fibers that produce movement when contracted
Three types of muscle
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Skeletal muscle
Striated, either directly or indirectly attached to a bone
Fascia
Layers of connective tissue that surround skeletal muscle
Tendon
Tapered area at the end of the fascia that anchors into the periosteum of the bone
Motor neurons
Stimulate skeletal muscles
Myoneural junction
Point where the motor nerve and skeletal muscle fiber come into contact
Smooth muscle
Sometimes referred to as visceral muscle because it is usually found in internal organs and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle
Also called myocardium, it makes up the wall of the heart Striated, less dense striations than skeletal muscle
Rectus abdominis
Straight abdominal muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Named for two origins, sternum and clavicle, and single insertion (mastoid process)
Gluteus Maximus
Rump area, large
Flexor carpi and extensor carpi
Produce flexion and extension at the wrist
External oblique muscle
Abdominal muscle whose fibers run at an oblique angle
Biceps
Muscle in upper arm that has two (bi) connecting points
Origin
Less moving bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle starts
Insertion
More movable bone of the joint, considered to be where the muscle ends
