Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Terminology > Ch. 11-Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 11-Endocrine System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pineal gland

A

regulates circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

regulate metabolic rate and blood calcium level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adrenal glands

A

regulate water and electrolyte levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pancreas

A

regulates blood sugar levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates many other endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thymus gland

A

development of immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ovaries

A

regulate female reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

testes

A

regulate male reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endocrine system

A

collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hormones

A

chemicals that act on their target organs to either increase of decrease the target’s activity level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment; endocrine system is responsible for this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

exocrine glands

A

release hormones into a duct that carries them outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones directly into the bloodstream, aka ductless glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

endocrine system consists of:

A

two adrenal glands, two ovaries, four parathyroid glands, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, two testes, thymus gland, and thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are adrenal glands located?

A

above each kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

two sections of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

adrenal cortex

A

manufactures corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone, regulates sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol, regulates carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

steroid sex hormones

A

androgens (may be converted to estrogen in bloodstream), regulates secondary sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine (aka adrenaline & norepinephrine) which is important during emergency situations because it allows the body to perform better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where are the ovaries located?

A

lower abdominopelvic cavity, female gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gonads

A

organs that produce gametes or the reproductive sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ova

A

female gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what do ovaries produce?

A

estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

estrogen

A

responsible for female sexual characteristics and regulation of menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

progesterone

A

maintains a suitable uterine environment for pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

along the lower curvature of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the pancreas is the only organ that has what?

A

both endocrine and exocrine functions: exocrine portion releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum, endocrine section produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

the endocrine portion of the pancreas, named after Dr. Paul Langerhans, a german anatomist. produce insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

insulin

A

produced by beta cells, lowers blood sugar level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells, raises blood sugar level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

anterior surface of thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

secreted by parathyroid gland, regulates calcium levels in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

in the thalamus region of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

melatonin

A

hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

underneath the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

two sections of the pituitary gland

A

anterior lobe and posterior lobe, both controlled by hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

anterior pituitary

A

secretes growth hormone (somatotropin), thyroid-stimulating hormone, andrenocorticotropin hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and melanocyte stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

growth hormone

A

(GH, aka somatotropin) promotes growth in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

(TSH) regulates function of the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

adrenocorticotropin hormone

A

(ACTH) regulates function of adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

prolactin

A

(PRL) stimulates milk production in breasts after giving birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone

A

(FSH&LH) influence male and female reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

gonadotropins

A

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

(MSH) stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, darkening the skin

47
Q

posterior pituitary

A

secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

48
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

(ADH) promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules

49
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery, and releases milk from mammary glands

50
Q

where are the testes located?

A

scrotal sac of the male

51
Q

what do testes produce?

A

sperm (male gametes) and testosterone

52
Q

testosterone

A

produces male secondary sexual characteristics and regulates sperm production

53
Q

what does the thymus gland produce?

A

thymosin

54
Q

thymosin

A

important for proper development of the immune system and T cells

55
Q

where is the thymus gland located?

A

mediastinal cavity anterior and superior to the heart

56
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

either side of the trachea and larynx

57
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

58
Q

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

(T4&T3) regulate production of energy and heat in the body to adjust metabolic rate; produce from iodine

59
Q

calcitonin

A

(CT) lowers blood calcium levels

60
Q

endocrinology

A

diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands

61
Q

edema

A

body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid

62
Q

exophthalmos

A

the eyeballs protrude, generally caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone

63
Q

glycosuria

A

high level of sugar in urine

64
Q

gynecomastia

A

development of breast tissue in males

65
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive amount of hair

66
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high levels of calcium in the blood

67
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high level of sugar in the blood

68
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high level of potassium in the blood

69
Q

hypocalcemia

A

low levels of calcium in the blood

70
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low levels of sugar in the blood

71
Q

hyponatremia

A

low level of sodium in the blood

72
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive feeling of thirst

73
Q

Addison’s disease

A

deficiency of adrenocortical hormones; increased skin pigmentation, generalized weakness, and weight loss

74
Q

adrenal feminization

A

development of female secondary sexual characteristics in a male

75
Q

adrenal virilism

A

development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female

76
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

excessive levels of cortisol; weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis

77
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

generally benign tumor of adrenal medulla; anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea

78
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria, there are two types

79
Q

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A

type 1; pancreas stops producing insulin, so patient must take daily insulin injections

80
Q

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

A

type 2; pancreas produces insulin but cells fail to respond, so patients may take oral hypoglycemics but may eventually have to take insulin injections

81
Q

insulinoma

A

tumor of islets of Langerhans cells, secretes excessive amounts of insulin

82
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

damage to nerves in lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes

83
Q

Rechlinghausen disease

A

excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of bones

84
Q

tetany

A

nerve irritability and muscle cramps from hypocalcemia

85
Q

acromegaly

A

enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities

86
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, may be polyuria and polydipsia

87
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

deficiency in all hormones secreted by pituitary gland

88
Q

cretinism

A

lack of thyroid hormones may result in arrested physical and mental development

89
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

90
Q

Graves’ disease

A

overactivity of the thyroid gland, can result in goiter and exophthalmos

91
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis; results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones

92
Q

myxedema

A

anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, edematous skin, as a result of hyposecretion of thyroid gland

93
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

marked overproduction of the thyroid gland; rapid heartbeat, tremors, thyromegaly, exophthalmos, weight loss

94
Q

blood serum test

A

blood test to measure level of substances in the blood

95
Q

fasting blood sugar

A

blood test to measure amount of sugar in the body after a 12-hour fast

96
Q

glucose tolerance test

A

determines blood sugar levels

97
Q

protein-bound iodine test

A

blood test to measure concentration of thyroxine in the bloodstream

98
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

blood test that uses radioactively tagged hormones to measure quantity of hormone in plasma

99
Q

thyroid function test

A

blood test used to measure levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream

100
Q

total calcium

A

blood test to measure total amount of calcium

101
Q

two hour postprandial glucose tolerance test

A

blood test to evaluate glucose metabolism

102
Q

thyroid echography

A

ultrasound examination of the thyroid

103
Q

thyroid scan

A

radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in the thyroid gland and can then be visualized

104
Q

chemical thyroidectomy

A

large dose of radioactive iodine is given in order to kill thyroid gland cells

105
Q

glucometer

A

device used for a diabetic to use at home to measure blood sugar

106
Q

hormone replacement therapy

A

artificial replacement of hormones in patients with hyposecretion disorders

107
Q

antithyroid agents

A

medication that blocks production of thyroid hormones

ex) methimazole, tapazole, propylithiouracil

108
Q

corticosteroids

A

treat anti-inflammatory diseases and adrenal cortex hyposecretion disorders
ex) prednisone, Deltasone

109
Q

human growth hormone therapy

A

hormone replacement therapy with human growth hormone to stimulate skeletal growth
ex) somatropin, Genotropin, somatrem, Protropin

110
Q

insulin

A

administered to replace insulin for type 1 diabetics or to treat severe type 2 diabetes
ex) human insulin, Humulin L

111
Q

Oral hypoglycemic agents

A

medications taken by mouth to decrease blood sugar

ex) metformin, Glucophage, glipizide, Glucotrol

112
Q

thyroid replacement hormone

A

hormone replacement therapy for patients with hypothyroidism

ex) levothyroxine, Levo-T, liothyronine, Cytomel

113
Q

vasopressin

A

controls diabetes insipidus and promotes reabsorption of water in kidney tubules
ex) desmopressin acetate, Desmopressin, conivapten, Vaprisol

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions