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Medical Terminology > Ch. 12- Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 12- Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

brain

A

coordinates body functions

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2
Q

nerves

A

transmit messages to and from the central nervous system

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3
Q

spinal cord

A

transmits messages to and from the brain

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord. sensory information is processed here, motor messages are sent to muscles and glands

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, divided into the autonomic nervous system and somatic nerves

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6
Q

neurons

A

individual nerve cells capable of conducting electrical impulses responding to a stimulus

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7
Q

three parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, axon

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8
Q

dendrites

A

highly branched projections that receive impulses

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9
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus and many other organelles

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10
Q

axon

A

projection from nerve cell body that conducts electrical impulse towards its destination

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11
Q

synapse

A

point at which the axon of one neuron meets dendrite of another neuron

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12
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between two neurons

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13
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger that allows impulses to pass across the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

neuroglial cells

A

cells that DO NOT conduct electrical impulses but have various other functions within the neuron, some produce myelin

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15
Q

myelin

A

fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons so that they can conduct electrical impulses faster

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16
Q

grey matter

A

in the CNS; comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites

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17
Q

white matter

A

myelinated nerve fibers

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18
Q

tracts

A

bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of the CNS

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19
Q

meninges

A

three membranes that encase and protect the CNS

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20
Q

four sections of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem

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21
Q

cerebrum

A

largest section of the brain, processes thoughts, judgment, memory, problem solving, and language, and divided into four lobes

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22
Q

four lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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23
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum composed of folds of grey matter

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24
Q

gyrus (gyri)

A

elevated portions of cerebrum

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25
Q

sulcus (sulci)

A

fissures separating the gyri

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26
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

left and right halves of the cerebrum

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27
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor function, personality, and speech

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28
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors and interprets language

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29
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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30
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and smell

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31
Q

diencephalon

A

contains thalamus and hypothalamus

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32
Q

thalamus

A

composed of grey matter and relays impulses from eyes, ears, and skin to the cerebrum

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33
Q

hypothalamus

A

body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotions. also controls ANS, CV system, digestive system, and pituitary gland

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34
Q

cerebellum

A

second largest portion of the brain; coordinates voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium

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35
Q

three components of brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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36
Q

midbrain

A

pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

pons

A

connects cerebellum to rest of brain (pons=bridge)

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38
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connects brain to spinal cord; controls respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. nerve tracts cross from one side of the brain to control movement and function on the opposite side of the body here

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39
Q

ventricles

A

interconnected cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

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40
Q

where are the four brain ventricles located?

A

one in each cerebral hemisphere, one in the thalamus, and one in front of the cerebellum

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41
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

watery, clear fluid that provides protection from shock or sudden motion to the brain and spinal cord

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42
Q

spinal cord function

A

provide a pathway for impulases traveling to and from the brain

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43
Q

vertebral column

A

cavity that contains the spinal cord

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44
Q

spinal cavity or vertebral canal

A

continuous canal for the spinal cord formed by the 33 vertebrae

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45
Q

central canal

A

canal down the center of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid

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46
Q

ascending tracts

A

myelinated white matter on the outside of the spinal cord that carries sensory information up to the brain

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47
Q

descending tracts

A

myelinated white matter on the outside of the spinal cord that carries motor information down to a peripheral nerve

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48
Q

meninges

A

three layers of connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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49
Q

dura mater

A

“tough mother” outermost layer, tough, fibrous sac

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50
Q

subdural space

A

space between the dura mater and arachnoid layers

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51
Q

arachnoid layer

A

thin, delicate layer attached to the pia mater by weblike filaments. between the subdural space and subarachnoid space

52
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater, contains CSF that cushions the brain from the outside

53
Q

pia mater

A

“soft mother” innermost membrane layer and sits directly on the brain and spinal cord

54
Q

nerve root

A

point where either type of nerve is attached to the central nervous system

55
Q

afferent neurons

A

aka sensory neurons, carry sensory information from a sensory receptor to the CNS

56
Q

efferent neurons

A

aka motor neurons, carry motor information from the CNS to muscles or glands out in the body

57
Q

ganglion

A

knot like mass of nerve cell bodies of neurons forming the nerves

58
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary bodily functions, and is separated into the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch

59
Q

sympathetic branch

A

“fight or flight” reaction during times of stress and crisis

60
Q

parasympathetic branch

A

“rest and digest” reaction, counterbalance to the sympathetic branch

61
Q

somatic nerves

A

serve skin and skeletal muscles and are mainly involved with voluntary bodily functions. they carry motor commands to skeletal muscles

62
Q

intrathecal

A

pertaining to within the meninges

63
Q

absence seizure

A

epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and absence of activity

64
Q

analgesia

A

absence of pain

65
Q

aphasia

A

inability to communicate verbally or in writing

66
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

67
Q

aura

A

sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure or migraine headache

68
Q

cephalalgia

A

headache

69
Q

convulsion

A

severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations

70
Q

delirium

A

abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation

71
Q

dysphasia

A

difficulty communicating verbally or in writing

72
Q

focal seizure

A

localized seizure often affecting one limb

73
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body

74
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body

75
Q

hyperesthesia

A

abnormally heightened sense of feeling, pain, or touch

76
Q

neuralgia

A

nerve pain

77
Q

palsy

A

temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement

78
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling

79
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation

80
Q

astrocytoma

A

tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes, one type of neuroglial cells

81
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel,

82
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of the brain from a blow or impact

83
Q

cerebral palsy

A

nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at the time of birth

84
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

development of an infarct due to loss in blood supply to an area of the brain, aka stroke

85
Q

epilepsy

A

recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of brain neurons

86
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of CSF in the brain ventricles, causing the head to be enlarged

87
Q

Reye syndrome

A

combination of symptoms that include acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, and is linked with taking aspirin

88
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

temporary interference with blood flow to the brain, causing dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis, and may lead to stroke

89
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord

90
Q

meningocele

A

congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column

91
Q

myelomeningocele

A

meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in vertebral column

92
Q

poliomyelitis

A

viral inflammation of grey matter of spinal cord

93
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defect in the walls of spinal canal in which laminae of vertebra do not close and can result in a meningocele or myelomeningocele

94
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

one sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the faciel nerves

95
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

disease of nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering

96
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

inflammatory disease of CNS in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin from nerves

97
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

severe muscle weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse

98
Q

radiculitis

A

inflammation of a nerve root

99
Q

radiculopathy

A

condition that occurs when herniated nucleus pulposus puts pressure on a nerve root

100
Q

shingles

A

painful blisters on the body along a nerve path

101
Q

meningioma

A

tumor in meninges

102
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

103
Q

subdural hematoma

A

mass of blood forming beneath dura mater if meninges are torn by trauma

104
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

laboratory examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within brain and spinal cord

105
Q

brain scan

A

image of the brain taken after injection of radioactive isotopes

106
Q

cerebral angiography

A

xray of blood vessels of brain

107
Q

echoencephalography

A

recording of ultrasonic echoes of brain

108
Q

myelogram

A

xray of spinal cord

109
Q

myelography

A

xray of spinal cord after injection of dye

110
Q

positron emission tomography

A

image of brain produced by measuring gamma rays emitted from brain after injecting glucose tagged with positively charged isotopes

111
Q

Babinski reflex

A

reflex test to determine lesions and abnormalities in the nervous system

112
Q

electroencephalogram

A

record of brain’s electrical patterns

113
Q

electroencephalography

A

recording electrical activity of brain by placing electrodes at various positions on scalp

114
Q

lumbar puncture

A

puncture with a needle into the lumbar area to withdraw fluid for examination and for the injection of anesthesia

115
Q

nerve conduction velocity

A

test that measures how fast an impulse travels along a nerve

116
Q

nerve block

A

injection of regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory or pain impulses along a nerve path

117
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

removing an obstruction in the carotid artery

118
Q

cerebrospinal fluid shunts

A

bypass is created to drain CSF

119
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of a portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve

120
Q

analgesic

A

treat minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness

ex) aspirin, Bayer, Ecotrin, acetaminophen, Tylenol, ibuprofen, Motrin

121
Q

anesthetic

A

produces a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness

ex) lidocaine, Xylocaine, pentobarbital, Nembutal, propofol, Dprivan, procaine, Novocain

122
Q

anticonvulsant

A

reduces excitability of neurons and prevents uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures
ex) carbamazepine, Tegretol, phenobarbital, Nembutal

123
Q

dopaminergic drugs

A

treats Parkinson’s by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of dopamine that is present
ex) levodopa, L-dopa, Larodopa, levodopa/carbidopa, Sinernet

124
Q

hypnotic

A

promotes sleep

ex) secobarbital, Seconal, termazepam, Restoril

125
Q

narcotic analgesic

A

treats severe pain, has the potential to be habit forming if taken for a prolonged period of time
ex) morphine, MS Contin, oxycodone, OxyContin, meperidine, Demerol

126
Q

sedative

A

has relaxing or calming effect

ex) amobarbital, Amytal, batabarbital, Butisol

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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