Ch. 12- Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
brain
A
coordinates body functions
2
Q
nerves
A
transmit messages to and from the central nervous system
3
Q
spinal cord
A
transmits messages to and from the brain
4
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord. sensory information is processed here, motor messages are sent to muscles and glands
5
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, divided into the autonomic nervous system and somatic nerves
6
Q
neurons
A
individual nerve cells capable of conducting electrical impulses responding to a stimulus
7
Q
three parts of a neuron
A
dendrites, cell body, axon
8
Q
dendrites
A
highly branched projections that receive impulses
9
Q
cell body
A
contains nucleus and many other organelles
10
Q
axon
A
projection from nerve cell body that conducts electrical impulse towards its destination
11
Q
synapse
A
point at which the axon of one neuron meets dendrite of another neuron
12
Q
synaptic cleft
A
gap between two neurons
13
Q
neurotransmitter
A
chemical messenger that allows impulses to pass across the synaptic cleft
14
Q
neuroglial cells
A
cells that DO NOT conduct electrical impulses but have various other functions within the neuron, some produce myelin
15
Q
myelin
A
fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons so that they can conduct electrical impulses faster
16
Q
grey matter
A
in the CNS; comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites
17
Q
white matter
A
myelinated nerve fibers
18
Q
tracts
A
bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of the CNS
19
Q
meninges
A
three membranes that encase and protect the CNS
20
Q
four sections of the brain
A
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem
21
Q
cerebrum
A
largest section of the brain, processes thoughts, judgment, memory, problem solving, and language, and divided into four lobes
22
Q
four lobes of the brain
A
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
23
Q
cerebral cortex
A
outer layer of the cerebrum composed of folds of grey matter
24
Q
gyrus (gyri)
A
elevated portions of cerebrum
25
sulcus (sulci)
fissures separating the gyri
26
cerebral hemispheres
left and right halves of the cerebrum
27
frontal lobe
motor function, personality, and speech
28
parietal lobe
receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors and interprets language
29
occipital lobe
vision
30
temporal lobe
hearing and smell
31
diencephalon
contains thalamus and hypothalamus
32
thalamus
composed of grey matter and relays impulses from eyes, ears, and skin to the cerebrum
33
hypothalamus
body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotions. also controls ANS, CV system, digestive system, and pituitary gland
34
cerebellum
second largest portion of the brain; coordinates voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium
35
three components of brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
36
midbrain
pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord
37
pons
connects cerebellum to rest of brain (pons=bridge)
38
medulla oblongata
connects brain to spinal cord; controls respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. nerve tracts cross from one side of the brain to control movement and function on the opposite side of the body here
39
ventricles
interconnected cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
40
where are the four brain ventricles located?
one in each cerebral hemisphere, one in the thalamus, and one in front of the cerebellum
41
cerebrospinal fluid
watery, clear fluid that provides protection from shock or sudden motion to the brain and spinal cord
42
spinal cord function
provide a pathway for impulases traveling to and from the brain
43
vertebral column
cavity that contains the spinal cord
44
spinal cavity or vertebral canal
continuous canal for the spinal cord formed by the 33 vertebrae
45
central canal
canal down the center of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid
46
ascending tracts
myelinated white matter on the outside of the spinal cord that carries sensory information up to the brain
47
descending tracts
myelinated white matter on the outside of the spinal cord that carries motor information down to a peripheral nerve
48
meninges
three layers of connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
49
dura mater
"tough mother" outermost layer, tough, fibrous sac
50
subdural space
space between the dura mater and arachnoid layers
51
arachnoid layer
thin, delicate layer attached to the pia mater by weblike filaments. between the subdural space and subarachnoid space
52
subarachnoid space
space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater, contains CSF that cushions the brain from the outside
53
pia mater
"soft mother" innermost membrane layer and sits directly on the brain and spinal cord
54
nerve root
point where either type of nerve is attached to the central nervous system
55
afferent neurons
aka sensory neurons, carry sensory information from a sensory receptor to the CNS
56
efferent neurons
aka motor neurons, carry motor information from the CNS to muscles or glands out in the body
57
ganglion
knot like mass of nerve cell bodies of neurons forming the nerves
58
autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary bodily functions, and is separated into the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch
59
sympathetic branch
"fight or flight" reaction during times of stress and crisis
60
parasympathetic branch
"rest and digest" reaction, counterbalance to the sympathetic branch
61
somatic nerves
serve skin and skeletal muscles and are mainly involved with voluntary bodily functions. they carry motor commands to skeletal muscles
62
intrathecal
pertaining to within the meninges
63
absence seizure
epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and absence of activity
64
analgesia
absence of pain
65
aphasia
inability to communicate verbally or in writing
66
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
67
aura
sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure or migraine headache
68
cephalalgia
headache
69
convulsion
severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations
70
delirium
abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation
71
dysphasia
difficulty communicating verbally or in writing
72
focal seizure
localized seizure often affecting one limb
73
hemiparesis
weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body
74
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
75
hyperesthesia
abnormally heightened sense of feeling, pain, or touch
76
neuralgia
nerve pain
77
palsy
temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement
78
paresthesia
abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling
79
tonic-clonic seizure
severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation
80
astrocytoma
tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes, one type of neuroglial cells
81
cerebral aneurysm
localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel,
82
cerebral contusion
bruising of the brain from a blow or impact
83
cerebral palsy
nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at the time of birth
84
cerebrovascular accident
development of an infarct due to loss in blood supply to an area of the brain, aka stroke
85
epilepsy
recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of brain neurons
86
hydrocephalus
accumulation of CSF in the brain ventricles, causing the head to be enlarged
87
Reye syndrome
combination of symptoms that include acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, and is linked with taking aspirin
88
transient ischemic attack
temporary interference with blood flow to the brain, causing dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis, and may lead to stroke
89
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord
90
meningocele
congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column
91
myelomeningocele
meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in vertebral column
92
poliomyelitis
viral inflammation of grey matter of spinal cord
93
spina bifida
congenital defect in the walls of spinal canal in which laminae of vertebra do not close and can result in a meningocele or myelomeningocele
94
Bell's palsy
one sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the faciel nerves
95
Guillain-Barré syndrome
disease of nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering
96
multiple sclerosis
inflammatory disease of CNS in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin from nerves
97
myasthenia gravis
severe muscle weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse
98
radiculitis
inflammation of a nerve root
99
radiculopathy
condition that occurs when herniated nucleus pulposus puts pressure on a nerve root
100
shingles
painful blisters on the body along a nerve path
101
meningioma
tumor in meninges
102
meningitis
inflammation of meninges
103
subdural hematoma
mass of blood forming beneath dura mater if meninges are torn by trauma
104
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
laboratory examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within brain and spinal cord
105
brain scan
image of the brain taken after injection of radioactive isotopes
106
cerebral angiography
xray of blood vessels of brain
107
echoencephalography
recording of ultrasonic echoes of brain
108
myelogram
xray of spinal cord
109
myelography
xray of spinal cord after injection of dye
110
positron emission tomography
image of brain produced by measuring gamma rays emitted from brain after injecting glucose tagged with positively charged isotopes
111
Babinski reflex
reflex test to determine lesions and abnormalities in the nervous system
112
electroencephalogram
record of brain's electrical patterns
113
electroencephalography
recording electrical activity of brain by placing electrodes at various positions on scalp
114
lumbar puncture
puncture with a needle into the lumbar area to withdraw fluid for examination and for the injection of anesthesia
115
nerve conduction velocity
test that measures how fast an impulse travels along a nerve
116
nerve block
injection of regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory or pain impulses along a nerve path
117
carotid endarterectomy
removing an obstruction in the carotid artery
118
cerebrospinal fluid shunts
bypass is created to drain CSF
119
laminectomy
removal of a portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve
120
analgesic
treat minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness
| ex) aspirin, Bayer, Ecotrin, acetaminophen, Tylenol, ibuprofen, Motrin
121
anesthetic
produces a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness
| ex) lidocaine, Xylocaine, pentobarbital, Nembutal, propofol, Dprivan, procaine, Novocain
122
anticonvulsant
reduces excitability of neurons and prevents uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures
ex) carbamazepine, Tegretol, phenobarbital, Nembutal
123
dopaminergic drugs
treats Parkinson's by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of dopamine that is present
ex) levodopa, L-dopa, Larodopa, levodopa/carbidopa, Sinernet
124
hypnotic
promotes sleep
| ex) secobarbital, Seconal, termazepam, Restoril
125
narcotic analgesic
treats severe pain, has the potential to be habit forming if taken for a prolonged period of time
ex) morphine, MS Contin, oxycodone, OxyContin, meperidine, Demerol
126
sedative
has relaxing or calming effect
| ex) amobarbital, Amytal, batabarbital, Butisol
