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ADV CLET 1 > MT > Flashcards

MT Flashcards

1
Q

Associated with morbid obesity and can be associated with the CNS

A

Central sleep apnea

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2
Q

Periods of apnea due to mechanical or functional blockage of flow

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

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3
Q

___ people with sleep apnea are obese

A

2/3

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4
Q

Losing weight can help improve symptoms of sleep apnea both subj and obj

A

Increased lung volume

Decreased pharyngeal collapse

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5
Q

What sleeping position can help with symptoms of sleep apnea

A

Side lying

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6
Q

Avoid ___ for sleep apnea

A

Alcohol

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7
Q

CPAP can help reduce

A

Hypertension which improves quality of life, reduces depression and MVA

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8
Q

Surgical options for sleep apnea

A

Removal of nasal polyps
Correcting deviated septum
Removing tonsils, adenoids, or the uvula

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9
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

Iron supplementation is beneficial

65 mg of elemental iron given 1-3 times daily as needed

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10
Q

Other drugs for RLS

A

Alpha 2 delta drugs which affect calcium channels

Neurontin (gabapentin)
Lyrica (pregablin)
Gabapentin enacarbil (horizant)

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11
Q

Thiazolidinones classification

A

Actose

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12
Q

Attaches to nuclear receptors in the cells to cause an increase in production of cellular proteins that facilitate glucose transport

A

Actose

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13
Q

Side effects of actose

A 
Can worsen CHF
Stomachache pain
Blurred vision
Chest pain
Swelling
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14
Q

Classification biguanides

A

Metformin

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15
Q

Does NOT increase insulin production

Helps to bind insulin to insulin receptors and potentate insulin activity

A

Metformin

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16
Q

Used to treat type 2 diabetes

A

Metformin

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17
Q

Side effects metformin

A

Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
May interfere with the absorption of folic acid and B12 or amino acids
Patient may complain of metallic or bitter taste

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18
Q

Metallic or bitter taste

A

Metformin side effect

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19
Q

Insulin drugs

A 
Novolog (RCA)
Lantus (RCA)
Humulin
Novolin
Lletin 2
Humalog (RCA)
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20
Q

RCA

A

Recombinant human analogs extracted from pork

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21
Q

RCA lower blood sugar by

A

Increasing peripheral uptake in muscles na dfat

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22
Q

Promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen

A

RCA

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23
Q

Most common cause of dementia in the US

A

Alzheimers

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24
Q

Accounts for 65-75% of all dementia cases in US

A

Alzheimer’s

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25
Q

Women with this tend to live longer than men

A

Alzheimer’s

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26
Q

Alzheimer’s accounts for ___ in lost productivity

A

100 billion

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27
Q

Accumulation of senile plaques in the cerebral cortex and subcortical gray

A

Alzheimer’s

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28
Q

Plaques contain ___ and are made of ____

A

Beta amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles

Tau protein

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29
Q

Depression is a risk factor for

A

Alzheimer’s

Low vitamin D levels

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30
Q

___ can help prevent dementia but insignificant for alzheimer’s

A

Estrogen

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31
Q

Smoking increases the risk for

A

Alzheimers

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32
Q

Hippocampal atrophy may be predicative in for conversion to

A

Alzheimer’s

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33
Q

Management alzheimre’s

A

Early and correct diagnosis are important
cannot be cured
Cognitive and behavioral problems may be managed medically
Cognitive probelms are treated with cholinesterase inhibitors such as tacrine (cognex) and donepeezil (aricept)

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34
Q

Inhibit the degeneration of acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

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35
Q

Disease altering strategies alzheimer’s

A

Ginko blioba
Vit E
NSAIDs

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36
Q

Elderly account for __ of prescription drug purchases and ___ of non-prescription

A

30%

40%

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37
Q

__ of the elderly must take at least one drug a day to perform ADLs

A

40%

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38
Q

Many medical physicians rely on medications to achieve treatment goals because

A

It cuts down on time and there is immediate patient satisfaction

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39
Q

The patient seeks care from multiple physicians and will ____ info on other prescriptions they’re taking

A

Forget or purposefully omit

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40
Q

The patient will take a friends and faimly members medications because

A

They feel they have the same symptosm

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41
Q

Erectile dysfunction most common cause

A

Diabetes

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42
Q

Risk factors for ED

A

CV disease
Metabolic syndrome
Smoking
Age

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43
Q

Age ED

A

52% higher in 40-72

Prevalence is 50-70

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44
Q

ED drugs

A

Viagra
Cialis
Levitra

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45
Q

Side effects ED drugs

A

Orthostatic hypotension
Headaches
Flushing of the skin
Avoid grapefruit adn limit alcohol intake while taking these meds

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46
Q

Selective cyclic guanisine monophodiesterase inhibitor

A

Cialis

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47
Q

Cialis side effects

A 
HA 
Dizziness
Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Myalgias
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48
Q

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor

Causes vasodilation in corpus cavernous

A

Levitra

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49
Q

Side effects of levitra

A 
Facial edeam
Postural hypotension
Palpations
MI
Angina
Gout
Dermatitis
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50
Q

Causes vasodilation in corpus cavernous in effect with nitric oxide

A

Viagra

51
Q

Side effects viagra

A

Facial edema, postural hypotension, palpations, MI angina, gout, dermatitis

52
Q

Enzyme blocker for phosphodiesterase type 5 causing increase in blood flow to penis

A

Levitra(vardenafil HCL)

53
Q

Side effects levitra (vardenafil HCL)

A

HA
Indigestion
Flushing
Stuffy nose

54
Q

OA nutritional supplements

A

Glucosamine and chondroitin

55
Q

Those with knee ligament or meniscal injury’s demonstrated a higher risk for developing

A

Degenerative changes earlier

56
Q

Nutrition for OA

A

Glucosamine 1500 mg and chondroitin sulfate 1200 mg divided into 4 servings

57
Q

If someone is trying to become active they should start with

A

Low impact or no weight

58
Q

Possible reduction in breast pain
100-400 IU/day
No side effects

A

Vitamin E

59
Q

Cofactor in production of dopamine
400-1000 IU/day
High dosage may cause diarrhea

A

Magnesium

60
Q

Used to treat anxiety and as a sleep aid
2-3 g taken 1-3x/day
Should only use freash
Not taken while prego or as sleep enhancers

A

Valerian

61
Q

Works synergistically with 5 HTP also an anti-inflammatory and has analgesic properties

A

St. Johns wart

62
Q

3x daily up to 600 mg 3x/day

Taken with 5 HTP reduce the 5 HTP dose to 100 mg/day

A

St. Johns wart

63
Q

Side effects st. Johns wart

A

Possible stomach irritation, tiredness, HA, restlessness

64
Q

Possible decrease in menstrual cramping
40 mg/day throughout cycle, 100mg/2 hours as peeded during menses
High dose may cause diarrhea

A

Magnesium and vit B6

65
Q

Relieves cramping
200 mg/day, 100mg/day every 2-3 hours during cramps
Not effective unless taken 7-10 days prior to menstrual flow

A

Niacin

66
Q

Side effects niacin

A

Flushing effect
HA
Stomachache

67
Q

800-1000 IU/day

Taken for 3 months to determine effectiveness

A

Vit E

68
Q

May reduce symptoms of hot flashes

1200 mg and 1200 mg of bioflavonoid hesperidin

A

Vit C

69
Q

Side effects vit C

A

Diarrhea

High levels of vit C can deplete body of copper

70
Q

Adaptogenic effect on female hormonal system

A

Dong quai

71
Q

3-4g/day
Not recommended for prego or lactating
May cause sensitivity to light

A

Dong quai

72
Q

Endometriosis is found in an estimated ___ of reproductive age women

A

15-20%

73
Q

Mainly found in age 25-29

Laproscopy id definitive dx

A

Endometriosis

74
Q

Classic triad endometriosis

A

Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia
Infertility

75
Q

3rd most common gynecologic cancer

A

Cervical cancer

76
Q

Considered an STD
Average age is 50
First sign is usually painful intercourse

A

Cervical cancer

77
Q

5 year survival rate for early stage and late stage cervical cancer

A

80-90%

15%

78
Q

Mainly in 60-65 age
Increased risk with HPV history
Poorly differentiated lesions that have spread = 15-20% 5 year survival
Small differentiated lesions 5 year survival = 70%

A

Vaginal cancer

79
Q

2nd most common gynecologic cancer

A

Ovarian cancer

80
Q

Cuases more deaths than the rest

Seen in areas where there is a high fat intake

A

Ovarian cancer

81
Q

Ovarian cancer 5 year survival

A

5-40%

82
Q

___ of women have advanced cases at time fo dx for ovarian cancer

A

75%

83
Q

Geriatric cancer seen in women over 70

A

Vulvar cancer

84
Q

Only 3-4% of all gynecologic cancers

A

Vulvar cancer

85
Q

Most common presentation vulvar cancer

A

Palpable often visable vulvar lesions with pruritis

86
Q

5 year survival widespread and local

A

15%

90%

87
Q

Most common discharge

A

Candidiasis

88
Q

Accounts for 15-20% of all vaginal infections

A

Candidiasis

89
Q

Causes extreme pruritus especially at night

A

Candidiasis

90
Q

Gardnerella accounts for 50-60% of vaginal infections

A

Bacteral vaginosis

91
Q

Accounts for 15-20% of all vaginal infections

A

Trichomoniasis

92
Q

Foudn when pH of vagina gets more alkaline

A

Trichomoniasis

93
Q

Tubal disease infertility

A

20%

94
Q

Endometriosis infertility

A

5-10%

95
Q

Male factors infertility

A

20-25%

96
Q

Unexplained infertility

A

30%

97
Q

___ of asymptomatic cancer can be caught on normal breast exams

A

50%

98
Q

Women 50 or older account for ___ of breast cancer cases

A

70%

99
Q

Mutations in BRACA 1 gene have a higher risk for

A

Developing cancer

100
Q

___ of women over 40 who are multiparous after age 30 account for 16% of new breast cancer cases each year

A

21%

101
Q

Survival rate breast cancer

A

60%

102
Q

Most recurrences develop within

A

2-6 years

103
Q

Risk factors breast cancer

A

Family hx
Previous hx
Benign breast disease
Menstrual relationship before 12 or menopause after 55
Giving birth after age 30 for first time
Mutation of BRACA 1 gene inc lifetime risk by 85%

104
Q

Types breast cancer

A

Non-invasive

Invasive

105
Q

Account for 10% of breast cancers
Comedo is aggressive
Non comedo is slower growing over longer periods of time

A

Non invasive

106
Q

Ductal carcinoma accounts for 80% of cases

Lobular carcinoma accounts for 10% of cases

A

Invasive

107
Q

Staging breast cancer 1

A

Lesion less than 2 cm and no lymph involvement

108
Q

Intermediary stage iwht small lesions with lymph node enlargement or larger lesions without lymph node involvement

A

Stage2

109
Q

Larger than 5 cm, with lymph involvement

A

Stage3

110
Q

Metastasis

A

Stage 4

111
Q

Self imposed weight loss due to distorted body image

A

Anorexia nervosa

112
Q

Majority anorexia are

A

Affluent white females 85%

113
Q

Weight is 15% below expected normal
Intense fear of gaining weight even though underweight
Distorted sense of self
Absence of at least 3 consecutive menses

A

Anorexia

114
Q

Binge purge cycle in effort to avoid weight gain

A

Bulimia nervosa

115
Q

Seen in about half of AN patients

A

Bulimia

116
Q

Seen in about 20% of college students

A

Bulimia

117
Q 
Parotid or salivary gland swelling
Bruising of knucklesa
Pharyngitis from reflux of gastric acid
Dental erosions
Conjunctival hemorrhages from retching
Problems may arise from hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic acidosis
A

Bulimia

118
Q

Women are twice as likely as men to be affected

A

Incontinence

119
Q

Incontinence affects about ___ of older males

A

30-50%

120
Q

Bone loss in early menopause

A

5-10%/decade

1-5%/year

121
Q

Risk factors osteoporosis

A 
White or asian background
Early menopause
Lean body habitus
Lack of exercise
Glucocorticoids, loop diruretics, warfarin
Heavy alcohol consumption
Smoking
Low calcium intake
High homocysteine levels
122
Q

X-rays can only detect osteoporosis once ___ of bone has been lost

A

30-50%

123
Q

Most sensitive for osteoporosis

A

Single and dual photon absorptiometry (SPA, DPA)

DEXA is now the tool of cohice

124
Q

Supplementation osteoporosis

A

1000mg premenopausal
1500mg post menopausal
For elderly consider vit D

ADV CLET 1 (16 decks)

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