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ADV CLET 1 > IRAT 2 > Flashcards

IRAT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 main types of diabetes

A

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational

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2
Q

Several thousand years ago, doctors noticed that some people had to urinate frequently

A

History of diabetes

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3
Q

What we may call pee the Greeks called

A

Diabetes

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4
Q

The ancient doctors tasted the urine of the diabetics and found that it tasted

A

As sweet as honey

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5
Q

Honey sweet greek word

A

Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

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6
Q

Type 2 diabetes was previously called

A

Non-insulin dependent diabetes

Adult-onset diabetes

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7
Q

Type 2 diabetes accounts for ___ of all cases of diabetes

A

90%

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8
Q

Type 2 age

A

Any age

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9
Q

Type 2 may remain undetected for

A

Years

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10
Q

How many americans have diabetes

A

30.3 million

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11
Q

American diagnosed diabetes

A

23.1 million

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12
Q

Undiagnosed american diabetes

A

7.2 million

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13
Q

Prediabetes

A

86 million

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14
Q

New cases in 2015

A

1.5 million

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15
Q

Men

A

11.8% of men 20 and older have diabetes

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16
Q

Women

A

10.8% of women 20 and older have diabetes

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17
Q

Adults having diabetes have heard disease death rates of

A

About 2-4 times higher than adults without diabetes

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18
Q

__ of diabetics have hypertension

A

67%

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19
Q

Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness in adults

A

20-74 years of age

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20
Q

Leading cause of kidney failure

A

Diabetes

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21
Q

In 2014, ___ US citizens developed end-stage renal disease with diabetes as the primary cause

A

51, 159

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22
Q 
Type 2 diabetes
Blacks
Hispanics
Asians
Whites
A
  1. 2%
  2. 8%
  3. 0%
  4. 6%
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23
Q

Age 20-44

A

4.3 million

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24
Q

Age 45-64

A

13.4 million

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25
Q

Age 65+

A

11.2 million

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26
Q

Men

A

15.5 million

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27
Q

Women

A

13.4 million

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28
Q

Total cost in 2012 of diabetes

A

245 billion

29
Q

Direct medical costs diabetes

A

176 billion

30
Q

Reduced productivity

A

69 billion

31
Q

___ leading cause of death in the US

A

7th

32
Q

No symptom stands alone for being diabetes

All symptoms seen with diabetes can be caused by

A

Other conditions

33
Q

10 most common symptoms of diabets

A 
Frequent urination
Excessive thirst
Unexplained weight loss
Extreme hunger
Sudden vision changes
Tingling and numbness in hands or feet
Feeling tired most of the time
Very dry skin
Sores that are slow to heal
More infections that usual
34
Q

Most common symptom of diabetes

A

Polyuria

35
Q

The nephrons in the kidney filter the plasma

Useful small molecules such as glucose and AA end up in the urine

A

Polyuria

36
Q

In diabetics urine, the filtered load of glucose is

A

Not resorbed

37
Q

Glucose draws water

A

Into the urine through osmosis

38
Q

One of the earliest symptoms and often accompanied by dry mouth or cotton mouth

A

Polydipsia

39
Q

Polydipsis usually occurs together with

A

Polyuria

40
Q

Glucose draws water into the blood

The kidneys attempt to remove the excess glucose by producing more urine

Causes dehydration in the cells

A

Polydipsia

41
Q

Normally body weight can flutuate up to ____ without a change in eating habits

A

Up to 5 lbs or 5% body weight

42
Q

Early diabetes may present as feeling

A

Unusually hungry but patient experiences weight loss

43
Q

Normal nocturnal urination

A

2-3 times a night

44
Q

Normal defecation

A

1-3 times a day

45
Q

Weight loss

A

Not using enough glucose for energy so body is breaking down stored fat and muscle tissue for energy

46
Q

1 cause of blindness in the UA

A

Macular degenration

47
Q

2 cause of blindness in US

A

Glaucoma

48
Q

Diabetic eye diseases include

A

Diabetic retinopathy, cataract and glaucoma

49
Q

Most common diabetic eye disease

A

Diabetic retinopathy

50
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Usually bilateral

A Leading cause of blindness of american adults

51
Q

2 types of diabetic retinopathy

A

Nonproliferative

Proliferative

52
Q

Nonproliferative retinopathy

A

Most common form
Capillaries balloon

3 stages mild moderate and severe

53
Q

Capillary walls may lose ability to control the passage of materials between the blood and the retina

Fluid leaks into macula

Vision blurs and can be lost entirely

Usually does not require treamtent

A

Nonproliferative retinopathy

54
Q

Proliferative retinopathy

A

May progress over years

Fraglile new blood vessels grow in retina and vitreous humor

55
Q

New blood vessels start growing in the retina

New blood vessels leak blood which blocks vision

New vessels may cause scar tissue, shrink and detach the retina

A

Proliferative retinopathy

56
Q

Treatment for retinopathy

A

Scatter photocoagulation
Focal photocoagulation
Virectomy

57
Q

Ophthalmologist makes hundreds of tiny laser burns on teh retina

This seals blood vessels

Only works before bleeding and/or detachment has progressed very far

A

Scatter photocoagulation

58
Q

Laser is aimed specifically at leaking vessel

A

Focal photocoagulation

59
Q

Used when retina has detached

Removes scar tissue and cloudy fluid

Re-attaching retina is successful in only 50% of cases

A

Virectomy

60
Q

Supplements for diabetes

A 
Magnesium
Vanadium
Biotin
Vitamin D3
Chromium
61
Q

Essential for balancing glucose and maintatining the beta cells in the pancreas

A

Magnesium

62
Q

Metabolizes glucose

A

Vanadium

63
Q

Prevents insulin resistance

A

Biotin

64
Q

Assists in insulin resistance

A

Vitamin D3

65
Q

Required for normal metabolism of sugar, carbs and fats

A

Chromium

66
Q

Releases epinephrine and consequently increases metabolism

A

Green tea

67
Q

Combining this with pomegranate significantly increases metabolism 5mg/3x/day

A

Fucoxanthin

68
Q

Patient needs exercise

Low end

A

Subtract pts age from 220
Multiply by 65%
20 min/day

69
Q

High end exercises

A

Multiply max heart rate by 85%

20 min/day

ADV CLET 1 (16 decks)

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