IRAT 2 Flashcards
3 main types of diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
Several thousand years ago, doctors noticed that some people had to urinate frequently
History of diabetes
What we may call pee the Greeks called
Diabetes
The ancient doctors tasted the urine of the diabetics and found that it tasted
As sweet as honey
Honey sweet greek word
Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes was previously called
Non-insulin dependent diabetes
Adult-onset diabetes
Type 2 diabetes accounts for ___ of all cases of diabetes
90%
Type 2 age
Any age
Type 2 may remain undetected for
Years
How many americans have diabetes
30.3 million
American diagnosed diabetes
23.1 million
Undiagnosed american diabetes
7.2 million
Prediabetes
86 million
New cases in 2015
1.5 million
Men
11.8% of men 20 and older have diabetes
Women
10.8% of women 20 and older have diabetes
Adults having diabetes have heard disease death rates of
About 2-4 times higher than adults without diabetes
__ of diabetics have hypertension
67%
Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness in adults
20-74 years of age
Leading cause of kidney failure
Diabetes
In 2014, ___ US citizens developed end-stage renal disease with diabetes as the primary cause
51, 159
Type 2 diabetes Blacks Hispanics Asians Whites
- 2%
- 8%
- 0%
- 6%
Age 20-44
4.3 million
Age 45-64
13.4 million
Age 65+
11.2 million
Men
15.5 million
Women
13.4 million
Total cost in 2012 of diabetes
245 billion
Direct medical costs diabetes
176 billion
Reduced productivity
69 billion
___ leading cause of death in the US
7th
No symptom stands alone for being diabetes
All symptoms seen with diabetes can be caused by
Other conditions
10 most common symptoms of diabets
Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes Tingling and numbness in hands or feet Feeling tired most of the time Very dry skin Sores that are slow to heal More infections that usual
Most common symptom of diabetes
Polyuria
The nephrons in the kidney filter the plasma
Useful small molecules such as glucose and AA end up in the urine
Polyuria
In diabetics urine, the filtered load of glucose is
Not resorbed
Glucose draws water
Into the urine through osmosis
One of the earliest symptoms and often accompanied by dry mouth or cotton mouth
Polydipsia
Polydipsis usually occurs together with
Polyuria
Glucose draws water into the blood
The kidneys attempt to remove the excess glucose by producing more urine
Causes dehydration in the cells
Polydipsia
Normally body weight can flutuate up to ____ without a change in eating habits
Up to 5 lbs or 5% body weight
Early diabetes may present as feeling
Unusually hungry but patient experiences weight loss
Normal nocturnal urination
2-3 times a night
Normal defecation
1-3 times a day
Weight loss
Not using enough glucose for energy so body is breaking down stored fat and muscle tissue for energy
1 cause of blindness in the UA
Macular degenration
2 cause of blindness in US
Glaucoma
Diabetic eye diseases include
Diabetic retinopathy, cataract and glaucoma
Most common diabetic eye disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Usually bilateral
A Leading cause of blindness of american adults
2 types of diabetic retinopathy
Nonproliferative
Proliferative
Nonproliferative retinopathy
Most common form
Capillaries balloon
3 stages mild moderate and severe
Capillary walls may lose ability to control the passage of materials between the blood and the retina
Fluid leaks into macula
Vision blurs and can be lost entirely
Usually does not require treamtent
Nonproliferative retinopathy
Proliferative retinopathy
May progress over years
Fraglile new blood vessels grow in retina and vitreous humor
New blood vessels start growing in the retina
New blood vessels leak blood which blocks vision
New vessels may cause scar tissue, shrink and detach the retina
Proliferative retinopathy
Treatment for retinopathy
Scatter photocoagulation
Focal photocoagulation
Virectomy
Ophthalmologist makes hundreds of tiny laser burns on teh retina
This seals blood vessels
Only works before bleeding and/or detachment has progressed very far
Scatter photocoagulation
Laser is aimed specifically at leaking vessel
Focal photocoagulation
Used when retina has detached
Removes scar tissue and cloudy fluid
Re-attaching retina is successful in only 50% of cases
Virectomy
Supplements for diabetes
Magnesium Vanadium Biotin Vitamin D3 Chromium
Essential for balancing glucose and maintatining the beta cells in the pancreas
Magnesium
Metabolizes glucose
Vanadium
Prevents insulin resistance
Biotin
Assists in insulin resistance
Vitamin D3
Required for normal metabolism of sugar, carbs and fats
Chromium
Releases epinephrine and consequently increases metabolism
Green tea
Combining this with pomegranate significantly increases metabolism 5mg/3x/day
Fucoxanthin
Patient needs exercise
Low end
Subtract pts age from 220
Multiply by 65%
20 min/day
High end exercises
Multiply max heart rate by 85%
20 min/day
