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MSK lectures > MSK histology 03/10/18 > Flashcards

MSK histology 03/10/18 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated
Unbranched
Multinucleate - form a syncytium - multiple cells gather togeter and then give up their membranes and become one cell

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3
Q

How long is a skeletal muscle cell?

A

The length of the muscle

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4
Q

What is the largest skeletal muscle in the body?

A

Sartorium

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5
Q

Where are the nuclei found in skeletal muscle cells?

A

At the periphery of the fibre just under the cell membrane

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6
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane in muscle cells

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7
Q

What a fascicles?

A

Individual bundles of muscle fibres

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8
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding the fasicles

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9
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The connective tissue around a single fasicle

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10
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Connective tissue around a single muscle fibre

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11
Q

What is the breakdown of a muscle?

A

Whole Muscle> Group of fascicles> Single fascicle> Muscle cell> Myofibril> Sarcomere> Actin and myocin

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12
Q

Why are skeletal muscles striated?

A

The striations are an optical illusion as a result of the arrangement of the sarcomeres, these are in the same place in each fibre and lines up, giving the illusion of transverse stripes across the cell

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13
Q

Are muscle cells able to create action potentials?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 1 fibres?

A 
slow
Oxidative metabolism
Abundant mitochondria and myoglobin
Resistant to fatigue
'Red Fibres'
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 2a fibres?

A

Relatively fast

Relatively uncommon

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2b fibres?

A

Fast contractiing
Anaerobic metabolism
Few mitochondria and myoglobin
Fatigue easily and have relatively greater force

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17
Q

What are the two skeletal components?

A

Cartilage

Bone

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

Semi-rigid and deformble
Permeable
Avascular
Cells are nourished by diffusion through the matrix

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of bone?

A

Rigid
Non permeable
Cells within bone must be nourished by blood vessels that pervade the tissue

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20
Q

What are the cells found in cartilage and where are they found?

A

Chondrocytes

In the extracellular matrix known as the lacuna

21
Q

What is ECM made of?

A

75% water
25% organic material
-60% type 2 collagen (fine and 3d)
-40% proteoglycan aggregates made up of GAGs

22
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

Blue-white
Translucent
Most common

23
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

Light yellow

Elastic fibres makes it flexible

24
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Tendon and hyaline cartilage

Bands of densely packed type 1 collagen interleaves with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by small amounts of ECM

25
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A 
Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilages
Epiphyseal growth plates
Precursos in fetus to many bones
26
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A 
support
levers
protection of internal organs
Calcium store
Haemopoiesis
-Production of bone marrow
27
Q

How does cauliflower ear come about?

A

Damage to the vasculature of the ear due to trauma which is replaced largely with scar tissue

28
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

23% collagen
2% non-collagen proteins
10% water
65% bioapatitie ( a form of calcium phosphate)

29
Q

What colour of marrow produces blood, red or yellow?

A

Red

30
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Cortical or trabecular bone

31
Q

Where is cortical bone found?

A

Diaphysis

32
Q

Where is trabecullar bone found?

A

Epiphyses

33
Q

When does bone remodelling finish?

A

Never remodels throughout life

34
Q

What makes up cortical bone?

A

Groupings of lamellar structures with a blood vessel (heversion) canal in the middle and volkmans canals across the bone

35
Q

What are osteons?

A

Groups of lamellar bodies

Product of later remodelling of the bone

36
Q

what do heversion canals carry?

A

Blood vessels and nerve fibres

37
Q

What distributes blood vessels to the heversion canals?

A

Volkmanns canal

38
Q

What are canalicculi?

A

Small cell processes of a cell that extends to the heversion canal and other cells allowing it to communicate with other cells
Keeps the cell alive

39
Q

how are cement lines formed?

A

Hole is made in the middle of the future osteon and bone is layed in concentric rings out from the centre

40
Q

Are heversion canals common in trabecular bone?

A

No as the cells are close enough already

41
Q

What are 4 bone cells and where are they found?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells - bone surfaces - pool of reserved osteoblasts
Osteoblasts - bone forming cells
Osteocytes - bone cell trapped within the bone matrix
Osteoclasts - large multinucleate cells - found on bone surface

42
Q

What bone cells are capable of destroying bone?

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

What cells begin the process of laying new lamella?

A

Osteoblasts

44
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Collagen
Glycosaminoglycans
Proteoglycans

45
Q

What is the mineral of bone principally made up from?

A

Calcium phosphate crystals - biapatite

46
Q

What are osteclasts derived from?

A

Macrophage lineage

47
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

The osteoblasts secrete things which will become bone, entrapping the cells and becoming an osteoid

48
Q

Where is bone built from?

A

Can only be built from a surface

49
Q

What is woven bone?

A

The cells dont pay attention to the orientation of the collagen after a break or during development, so an unorganised bone occurs which is not as strong, but will be replaced by lamellar bone in the future

MSK lectures (50 decks)

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