Clinical anatomy of the lower limb - 22/10/18 Flashcards
What are the basic bony anatomy points of the lower limb?
Pelvis -Hip Joint Femur Knee Joint Tibia/Fibula Ankle joint Foot -Hindfoot -Midfoot -Forefoot
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket
What are the three compartments of the knee joint?
Medial
Lateral
Patellofemoral
what are the bones of the hindfoot?
Calcaneus
Talus
What are the bones of the midfoot?
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuniforms
What are bones of the forefoot?
Metatarsals
Phalanges
What is the main blood supply to the femoral head?
Medial femoral circumflex artery
Which fractures will be replaced, intra or extracapsular?
Intra
What are the hip flexor muscles?
Iliacus
Psoas major
Where does the iliacus orginate?
Iliac crest
Inner aspect of ilium
Where does iliacus insert?
Lesser trochanter of femur
Where does psoas major originate?
Transverse processes L1-L5
Where does the psoas major insert?
Lesser trochanter
What may be a differental in an infection around the hip where patients dont like to flex their hip?
Psoas abscess
What are the 2 secondary hip flexors?
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
What is the origon of the rectus femoris?
AIIS
Where does the rectus femoris insert?
Tibia via patella tendon
Where does the sartorius orginate?
ASIS
Where does the sartorius insert?
Tibia
What is the second function of the sartorius?
External rotation of him
What are the 5 hip adductors?
Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis
What is the common origin of the hip adductors?
Inferior pubic rami
What are the insertions of the hip adductors?
Linea aspera
Pectineal line (P)
Tibia (G)
What are the clinical issues associated with hip adductors?
Adductor tendinopathy
Osteitis pubis
Spascitiy
What are the 3 hip abductors?
Gluteus minimus/gluteus medius
Tensor fascia lata
What is the origin of the gluteus minimus?
Iliac wing
Where does the gluteus minimus insert?
Greater trochanter of femur
Where does the tensor fascia lata originate?
Iliac crest
Where does the tensor fascia lata insert?
Lateral tibia via iliotibial tract
Where does the tensor fascia lata insert?
Lateral tibia via iliotibial tract
What is the main hip extensor?
Gluteus maximus
Where does the gluteus maximus originate?
Posterior aspect of ilium/sacrum
What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus/
Iliotibial tract
What are the 3 hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
What is the origin of biceps femoris?
Long head - ischial tuberostiy
Short head - Linea aspera
What is the insertion of biceps femoris?
Fibula head
What is the origin of semimembranous?
Iscial tuberosity
What is the insertion of semimembranous?
Posterior tibia
What is the origin of semitendinosus?
Ischial tuberosity
What is the insertion of semitendinosus?
Medial tibia
Where does the medial collateral ligament run?
Medial epicondyle of femur
Tibial head
Where does the lateral collateral ligament run?
lateral epicondyle of femur
Fibular head
What does the ACL stop?
Resists anterior movement
How do you remember ACL and PCL direction?
ACL -Hands in pockets
PCL - opposite
What are the important functions of thee meniscus?
Load transfer
increase femero-tibial conformity
Stabilise the knee during movement
Lubricate the knee
What are the two types of meniscal tears?
Radial (transverse)
Bucket handle
What are the 4 quadriceps muscles and their origins?
Rectus femoris - AIIS
Vastus intermedius - ANterolateral proximal femur
Vastus medialis - Medial edge linea aspera greater trochanter
Vastus lateralis - medial edge linea aspera lesser trochanter
What is the common insertion of the quadriceps muscles?
Tibia via patellar tendon
What does a larger Q angle mean?
Predisposition to patellar instability
What does a larger Q angle mean?
Predisposition to patellar instability
What are factors that predispose to patellar instability?
Genu valgum
Femoral head anteversion
Weak quadriceps
Ligamentous laxity
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallicus longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis Tertius
What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis Longus
Fibularis brevis
What are the muscles in the deep compartment of the leg?
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallicus longus
Flexor digitorus longus
Popliteus
What are the muscles in the superficial compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
What nerves supply the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep Fibular nerve
Anterior tibial
What nerves supply the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
What nerves supply the deep compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
Posterior tibial vessels
What nerves supply the superficial compartment of the leg?
Medial sural nerve
Draw happy pirate diagram
:)
Which is deep, fibularis brevis or longus?
Brevis
What are the ankle plantar flexors and their origin?
Gastrocnemius - femoral condyles
Soleus - Broad area on posterior tibia/fibula
Plantaris - Lateral femoral condyle
What is the common insertion of the ankle plantar flexors?
Calcaneus via achilles
What is the main ankle dorsiflexor?
Tibialis anterior
What is the origin of the TA?
Lateral surface proximal tibia
What is the insertion of the TA?
Medial cuneiform base 1st metatarsal
What are the medial and lateral ankle ligaments?
Medial - Deltoid ligament
Lateral - Lateral ligament complex
What are the ligaments in the lateral ankle ligament complex?
Posterior inferior tibifibular Anterior inferior tibiofibular Anterior talofibular Posterior talofibular Calcaneofibular
What is the supporting structures of the medial arch?
Tibialis postrior tendon
Spring ligament
-Calcaneonavicular ligament
What is the origon of the tibialis posterior tendon?
Posterior proximal tibia/fibula
What is the insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon?
Navicular/plantar surface of medial cuneiform
What is the origin of the plantar fascia?
Tuberosity of calcaneus
What is the insertion of the plantar fascia?
Heads of metatarsals
