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MSK lectures > Clinical anatomy of the spine > Flashcards

Clinical anatomy of the spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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2
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spine?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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3
Q

What are the 4 curvatures of a healthy spine?

A

Cervical Lordosis
Thoracic Kyphosis
Lumbar Lordosis
Sacral

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4
Q

What are the two atypical vertebrae?

A

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

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5
Q

What is the vertebrae prominens?

A

C7

No foramena transverse process

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus Pulposus

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7
Q

What do facet joints allow?

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion

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8
Q

What part of the spine has less flexion and extension due to ribs?

A

thoracic

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9
Q

Which rotation is less than thoracic due to the orientation of facet joints?

A

Lumbar

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10
Q

Which spine allows for greatest movement?

A

Cervical

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11
Q

What happens to intervertebral water content with aging?

A

It decreases

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12
Q

How is OA in one ore two joints treated?

A

Localised Fusion

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13
Q

Where does intervertebral disc degeneration occur?

A

Most frequent in L4/5 and L5/S1

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14
Q

What can happen to intervertebral discs?

A

Prolapse

Annulus tear

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15
Q

Look at the nerve diagram on 17

A

xoxo gossip girl

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16
Q

What is the route of the spinal cord?

A

Down the spinal canal formed by the verebral foramina

Exits via intervertebral foramen

17
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

18
Q

What does L1 mark the junction between?

A

Upper and Lower motor neurones

19
Q

What occurs with upper motor neurone failure?

A

Weakness
Spasticity
Increased tone
Hyperreflexia

20
Q

What occurs with lower motor neurone failure?

A

Weakness
flaccidity
Loss of relexes

21
Q

Slide 22 which i CBA reading

A

The exiting nerve root which is outside the thecal sac passes under the pedicle of the corresponding vertebra (ie L4 root passes under L4 pedicle)
The traversing nerve root pair whilst remaining in the thecal sac is positioned anteriorly (in an area known as the lateral recess) in preparation to penetrate the thecal sac and become the next exiting nerve root more distally

22
Q

Which nerve root is compressed in disc prolapse?

A

Transversing nerve root

23
Q

What does nerve root compression cause?

A

Radiculopathy resulting in pain down the sensory distribution of the nerve root

24
Q

What is nerve root compression that causes pain known as?

A

Sciatica

25
Q

What is the source of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

26
Q

What can cause nerve root compression?

A

Osteophytes

Hypertrophied ligaments in OA

27
Q

What is neurogenic claudication?

A

Burning leg pain whilst walking

28
Q

What can improve spinal stenosis?

A

surgical decompression

29
Q

What can spinal cord compression lead to?

A

Myelopathy

Upper motor neuron signs

30
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome caused by?

A

Pressure (usually prolapsed disc) on all lumbosacral nerve roots at the level of the lesion including the sacral nerve roots for bladder and bowl control

31
Q

What are the symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Bilateral lower motor neurone signs
bladder and bowel dysfunction
Saddle anaesthesia
Loss of anal tone

32
Q

What are the three muscles of the erector spine?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis

33
Q

What are causes of back pain?

A 
Bones
Fracture – trauma, osteoporosis, (spondylolisthesis)
Tumour
Infection
Joints
Spondylosis & OA
Spinal stenosis
Muscles & Ligaments
Sprains & strains
Disc
Discogenic back pain
Sciatica
Cauda equina syndrome
34
Q

What are most causes of back pain classified as?

A

Mechanical back pain

35
Q

Where would mechanical back pain radiate to?

A

buttocks
Thigh
NOT below knee

MSK lectures (50 decks)

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