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MSA Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are One-Way valves used for?

A

To prevent the back-flow of blood

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2
Q

FOUR purposes of a Circulatory System

A

-Transport Gases

-Transport Nutrients

-When the body is too large for just Diffusion

-To dispose waste

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3
Q

What circulatory “system” that Cnidarians and Flatworms have

A

Gastrovascular Cavity

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4
Q

THREE parts of a “True Circulatory System”

A

-Blood (fluid)

-Pump (heart)

-Vessels/Tubes

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5
Q

What are the THREE unique properties of open circulatory systems?

A

-Blood directly dissolves into cells

-Pore have valves that can close

-Open-ended Vessels

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6
Q

What are the THREE types of vessels found in the cardiovascular system?

A

-Arteries

-Veins

-Capillaries

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7
Q

How many chambers does the fish heart have?

A

2 chambers

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8
Q

What is a drawback to single circulation?

A

There is lower blood pressure

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9
Q

What is the name of the circuit where the blood goes from the heart to the lungs and back, then sent to the rest of the body?

A

Double

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10
Q

When blood leaves the heart in a double circuit is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated

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11
Q

What is the name of the circuit where the blood goes from the heart to the body cells and back to the heart?

A

Single

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12
Q

When blood from a single circuit leaves the heart is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

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13
Q

What’s the difference between single circulation and double circulation?

A

Single (in order)- Heart,Lungs,Body

Double(in order)- Heart,Lungs,Heart,Body

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14
Q

What’s the difference between three-chambered hearts and four-chambered hearts

A

In a 3 chamber heart, there is normally mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in ventricles

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15
Q

What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?

A

Endotherms-

Warm-blooded/faster metabolism

Ectotherms-

Cold-blooded/slower metabolism

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16
Q

What is convergent evolution? How does it relate to this chapter?

A

Similar structures, but evolved from a different origin

Bird hearts and mammal hearts

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17
Q

What does pulmonary refer to?

A

Lungs

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18
Q

Do veins go towards or away from the heart?

A

Towards

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19
Q

Where are the Coronary Arteries?

A

On the surface of the heart

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20
Q

What do Coronary Arteries do?

A

Gives the heart muscle Oxygen-rich blood

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21
Q

What is the Aorta?

A

largest artery in the body

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22
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Smallest blood vessels where exchange of gas,nutrients, and waste happen between blood and body tissues

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23
Q

Compare inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava? (2 parts)

A

-The inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower part of the body

-The superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper part of the body​

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24
Q

Why are the walls of the atria thinner than the walls of the ventricles?

A

Atria only have to pump blood to the ventricles next to them

Ventricles pump blood to lungs or throughout the body

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25
Q

What are three facts that are true during diastole?

A
  • Heart muscles are relaxed
  • Blood flows from the veins into the atria and then into the ventricles
  • The (AV) valves are open, and Semilunar valves are closed
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26
Q

What are three facts that are true during systole?

A

-Ventricles contract to pump blood to arteries

-The (AV) valves close, preventing the backflow of blood into the atria

-Semillunar valves open, allowing blood to exit the heart

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27
Q

What controls the speed of your heart contractions?

A

The brain

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28
Q

What are the four steps of the cardiac cycle?

A

-SA Node Fires: Initiates electrical impulses.

-Atria Contract: Pushes blood into the ventricles.

-AV Node Relays Signal: Delays and then transmits the impulse to the ventricles.

-Ventricles Contract: Blood is pumped out to the lungs and body​

29
Q
A
30
Q

Where are coronary arteries?

A

Coronary arteries are located on the surface of the heart

31
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

supply the heart muscle itself with oxygen-rich blood

32
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The aorta is the largest artery in the body.

33
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

where exchange of gas,nutrients,and waste products happen between the blood and body cells

34
Q

Compare inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava? (2 parts)

A

Inferior Vena Cava- brings deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower part of the body

Superior Vena Cava- carries deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body​

35
Q

Why are the walls of the atria thinner than the walls of the ventricles?

A

Atria- only has to send blood to the ventricles

Ventricles- has to send blood to lungs and throughout the entire body

36
Q

What are three facts that are true during diastole? (3 parts)

A

-The heart muscles are relaxed.

-Blood flows from the veins into the atria and then into the ventricles.

-The atrioventricular (AV) valves are open, while the semilunar valves are closed

37
Q

What are three facts that are true during systole? (3 parts)

A

-The ventricles contract to pump blood into the arteries.

-The atrioventricular (AV) valves close to prevent backflow into the atria.

-The semilunar valves open, allowing blood to exit the heart​

38
Q

What controls the speed of your heart contractions?

A

Brain

39
Q

What are the four steps of the cardiac cycle? (4 Parts)

A

-SA Node Fires: Initiates electrical impulses.

-Atria Contract: Pushes blood into the ventricles.

-AV Node Relays Signal: Delays and then transmits the impulse to the ventricles.

-Ventricles Contract: Blood is pumped out to the lungs and body​

40
Q

Explain how the phrase myocardial infarction means heart attack

A

-Myo means muscle

-Infarction means to cram or block

41
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

A blockage in a coronary artery

42
Q

What happens to the heart as the result of a heart attack?

A

The blockage causes part or all of the muscle to die

43
Q

Cardiovascular diseases are disorders of the ___ and ___ (2 parts)

A

Heart

Blood Vessels

44
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Blockage of blood vessels in the brain causing p[art of the brain to die.

45
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

a common condition that occurs when plaque builds up in the walls of arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow

46
Q

What is plaque?

A

a sticky substance that builds up inside arteries and is a key component of atherosclerosis, also known as “hardening of the arteries

47
Q

THREE facts about Capillaries

A

-Capillaries are arranged in capillary beds

-Blood moves single file through the capillary

-Blood move slow through the capillary

  • gas / nutrient exchange occurs here
  • Smallest vessels
48
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, which are then excreted as urine. They also help regulate electrolytes, blood pressure, and pH levels, and maintain overall fluid balance in the body​

49
Q

Compare capillaries, arterioles, and arteries. (3 parts)

A

-Arteries are large, muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure. They have thick walls with smooth muscle and elastic fibers to withstand and regulate this pressure.

-Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries that connect to capillaries. They have a similar structure but with less muscle, and they regulate blood flow to capillaries through constriction and dilation.

  • Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels with very thin walls (just one cell thick) to facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and surrounding tissues​
50
Q

What is the structural difference between arteries and veins? Talk about their thickness and anything special that the veins have (2 parts)

A

Arteries- thicker walls

Veins- thinner walls, and has one-way valves

51
Q

Why is it important that arteries are elastic?

A

ensuring continuous and regulated blood flow even during the relaxation phase of the heart

52
Q

How do arteries regulate blood flow?

A

by constricting or dilating their smooth muscle layer

When the smooth muscles in artery walls contract, they narrow the artery , reducing blood flow.

When the muscles relax, the artery widens , increasing blood flow. This regulation adjusts blood supply based on the body’s needs

53
Q

Define blood pressure.

A

Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

54
Q

What’s the difference between systole and diastole? (2 parts)

A

Systole- when the heart muscles contract, pumping blood out of the ventricles into the arteries. It produces the higher (systolic) blood pressure reading

Diastole- where the heart fills with blood from the veins, producing the lower (diastolic) blood pressure reading

55
Q

What is considered normal, elevated, and high blood pressure? (Numbers and Units)

A

Normal- less than 120/80 mmHg

Elevated- 120-129 systolic and less than 80 diastolic mmHg

High- 130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic mmHg

56
Q

What are the two pieces of equipment needed to measure blood pressure? Both start with an “s” and both need to be spelled correctly here and on the test/quiz. (2 parts)

A

-Sphygmomanometer

-Stethoscope

57
Q

Why is hypertension bad? (3 parts)

A

-Hypertension causes the heart to work harder, which weakens it over time.

  • It can enlarge the left ventricle, leading to decreased coronary blood flow and weakened heart muscles.

-High blood pressure increases plaque formation in arteries, leading to blood clots and a higher risk of heart attack or stroke

58
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do?

A

Precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow into capillary beds. By contracting or relaxing, they control the amount of blood that enters specific tissues based on current needs​

59
Q

What’s a lumen?

A

The lumen is the interior space within a tubular structure, like a blood vessel, where blood flows

60
Q

What is a cleft?

A

Clefts are gaps between cells

61
Q

Explain how osmosis works.

A

when molecules of a solvent transfer across a membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration to even out the concentrations on both sides

62
Q

What does a centrifuge do? When you put blood into a centrifuge what happens?

A

-separates the components of blood

-spins your blood to separate your red blood cells, platelets and plasma

63
Q

What does an anticoagulant do?

A

prevent blood from clotting

64
Q

What do Immunoglobulins do?

A

fight germs

65
Q

What is the technical shape for red blood cells? Why is this shape important? How long does the average red blood cell live?

A

-small biconcave disks and thinner at the middle

-optimizes their flow properties in vessels and capillaries

  • 3-4 Months
66
Q

What is a more common name for leukocytes? What do they do in your body?

A

-White blood cells

-to fight infections

67
Q

How do Phagocytes get rid of bacteria and debris from cells?

A

engulf and digest bacteria and debris from your own dead cells

68
Q

What is plasma made up of? (I’m looking for four categories of things)

A

Water, Electrolytes, Inorganic Salts, Dissolved Ions

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