MSA CHAPTER 12 TEST

Question 1

Explain what recombinant DNA is

Answer 1

Recombinant DNA is formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences for two different sources.

Question 2

Explain gene cloning.

Answer 2

1. plasmid is isolated
   
   2. cell’s DNA is isolated
   3. plasmid is cut with restriction enzyme
   4. cell’s DNA is cut with the same restriction enzyme
   5. targeted fragment/plasmid DNA is mixed
   6. DNA ligase joins the fragments of genetic material together
   7. Recombinant plasmid is taken up by bacterium in transformation
   8. Bacteria reproduces
   9. Harvested proteins may be used indirectly

Question 3

What is a vector?

Answer 3

A vector is a gene carrier

Question 4

Explain what DNA ligase is.

Answer 4

an enzyme that glues genetic fragments together, forms a covalent bond

Question 5

Explain transformation.

Answer 5

Transformation is the uptaking of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

Question 6

What do restriction enzymes do? and where do they come from?

Answer 6

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller fragments. They come from bacteria

Question 7

What are “sticky ends”?

Answer 7

Sticky ends are the ends of a DNA double helix at which unpaired nucleotides of one strand extends beyond the other.

Question 8

Why are “sticky ends” important? What makes them sticky?

Answer 8

Sticky ends are important because they ensure that the DNA fragment is inserted in the plasmid in the right direction.

sticky ends are named “sticky” because they are able to form base pairs with any DNA molecule with the complementary sticky end

Question 9

Explain the shotgun approach to gene cloning.

Answer 9

The shotgun approach to gene cloning is a method for determining the DNA sequence of an entire genome. After the genome is cut into small fragments, each fragment is sequenced and placed in the proper order.

Question 10

What is a genomic library?

Answer 10

-A genomic library is the whole collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a genome.

Question 11

What are the ways to construct a genomic library?

Answer 11

plasmid library, bacteriophages, bacterial artificial chromosome

Question 12

Explain what reverse transcriptase does? What is unique about the product formed?

Answer 12

everse transcriptase is an enzyme that reverses transcription. Instead of turning DNA into RNA, RNA it turned to DNA. This process happens after RNA splicing where all the introns are removed leaving behind only exons to be joined.

What is unique about this is forming cDNA or complementary DNA. cDNA is like a regular DNA molecule except that it contains no introns and only contains exons making it easier to work with than a regular DNA molecule.

Question 13

What is cDNA? Not just the name, how is it formed? What is it composed of?

Answer 13

cDNA is a DNA molecule made from using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It is composed like a regular DNA molecule except with no introns

Question 14

What is a nucleic acid probe? Give two examples of how scientists can detect them.

Answer 14

A nucleic acid probe is molecule used to find a specific gene or nucleotide sequence. 1 way to find them is to putting a radioactive probes on DNA. 2nd way is to put DNA in a probe solution.

Question 15

What does a vaccine do?
What is it composed of?

Answer 15

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to mount a lasting defense against a pathogen.

A vaccine is composed of a harmless variant or a derivative of a pathogen, such as a bacterium or a virus.

Question 16

What is Golden Rice

What makes it gold

Answer 16

Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice that produces yellow grains containing beta-carterone, used by our bodies to make vitamin A

The rice is gold because it was created with daffodil genes

Question 17

What is a transgenic organism?

Answer 17

A transgenic organism is an organism that contains genes from another organism

Question 18

What is necessary for gene therapy to be permanent for the individual person? What about for further generations?

Answer 18

In order for gene therapy to be permanent, the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply. It can be permanent in further generations if gene therapy is used on sex cells that undergo fertilization.

Question 19

What is DNA profiling?

Answer 19

DNA profiling is a procedure that analyzes DNA samples to determine if they come for the same individual.

Question 20

What is PCR and what does it do?

What does amplifying DNA mean?

How does Amplifying DNA work?

Answer 20

PCR is a technique by which a specific segment of a DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified.

Copying it many times.

To amplify DNA, the DNA must go through a process called PCR or polymerase chain reaction. -

Question 21

How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments?

Answer 21

The DNA is negative and the electric pull of the positive end of the gel electrophoresis bring the smaller fragments towards it to separate it.

Question 22

Explain STR analysis.

Answer 22

Short Tandem Repeat analysis is the most useful method in molecular biology. The STR is a microsatellite, consisting of a unit of two to thirteen nucleotides repeated hundreds of times in a row on a DNA strand.

Question 23

Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

Answer 23

Approximately 98% of human DNA is noncoding.

Question 24

What are transposable elements?

Answer 24

Transposable elements are sequences that can move about in the genome (jumping genes). Often times they are the cause of mutations.

Question 25

Define proteomics.

Answer 25

Proteomics is the study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions.

Question 26

Compare the number of proteins vs the number of genes in the human body.

Answer 26

the number of different proteins in humans far exceeds the number of genes. about 100000 proteins verses 21000 genes.

Question 27

Gene sequencing of Neanderthals allowed scientists to say what about their physical appearance?

Answer 27

Males have pale skin and red hair. While as adults Neanderthals would be lactose tolerant.

Question 28

What three different places can recombinant cell come from? Why is it necessary to use different types of cells?

Answer 28

Recombinant cells can be yeast, bacteria, or other cells. Bacteria are the easiest cells to use because they are not complicated. Yeast cells may be used because they are eukaryotic. In some cases other cells, for example mammalian cells, need to be used because the are as complex as the protein trying to be mass-produced.

Question 29

Why is it a good idea to use human cells to grow human proteins?

Answer 29

Yes, because of you used any other kind of organisms protein in our body then our body would reject it and cause harm to us

Question 30

What is genomics? Give examples of organisms that have had their genome mapped?

Answer 30

Genomics is the study of genomes and what makes them up. Mice and humans both have their genomes mapped.

Question 31

Explain how plasmids are used in gene cloning.

Answer 31

Plasmids are able to carry certain genes/ gene of interest to allow for gene cloning.

Question 32

Explain how restriction enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA into plasmids.

Answer 32

Restriction enzymes are used to “cut & paste” DNA into plasmids by recognizing specific sites. They do not cut randomly, the cut at very specific locations due to nucleotide base pair matching.

Question 33

Explain how a cDNA library is constructed and how it is different from genomic libraries constructed using plasmids or phages.

Answer 33

cDNA libraries are made transcribing a second strand of DNA onto the strand made from reverse transcription. cDNA libraries are shorter than genomic libraries because cDNA only has the exons

Question 34

Explain how a nucleic acid probe can be used to identify a specific gene.

Answer 34

Nucleic acid probes have a set of base pairs that is complementary with a set on the gene of interest. If the probe sticks to the gene then the specific gene had been found.

Question 35

Explain how different organisms are used to mass-produce proteins of human interest?

Answer 35

Different organisms mass produce proteins of human interest through cloning. This organisms could be phages, plasmids, or BACs

Question 36

Explain how DNA technology has helped to produce insulin, growth hormone, and vaccines.

Answer 36

Recombinant cells are useful to make proteins. We do this by transferring a gene into a bacterium, yeast, or other cells. Without knowing how to make recombinant cells we would not be able to make insulin, growth hormones, or vaccines, which could result in a lot of deaths that are avoidable with this technology

Question 37

Explain how genetically modified (GM) organisms are transforming agriculture.

Answer 37

Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture by improving food production, pest resistance, and nutritional value of crops.

Question 38

Describe the risks posed by the creation and culturing of GM organisms and the safeguards that have been developed to minimize these risks.

Answer 38

The risks posed by the creation and culturing of GM organisms is cancer, it may be hazardous to humans and other organisms, may lead to allergic reactions, may disease the crops easily and lead to good crops being diseased as well, and may reduce the genetic diversity. The safeguards is evaluated for potential risks, and possibly require a label.

Question 39

Describe the benefits and risks of gene therapy in humans. Discuss the ethical issues that these techniques present.

Answer 39

The benefits of gene therapy are that it is can be used to treat diseases by finding an alteration of a person's gene. The risks are that it may harm other cell and can decrease genetic diversity/ the need of evolution. Ethical issues such as: How will the gene be created at the right time and place? How can it be performed without harming other cells/cell functions? Will it lead to efforts to control genetic makeup of human population, designer babies How will it affect genetic diversity/evolution?

Question 40

Describe the basic steps of DNA profiling.

Answer 40

Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a copy of a segment of DNA across several magnitudes.

Question 41

Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to sort DNA and proteins.

Answer 41

Gel electrophoresis is used to sort DNA and proteins by separating them. DNA fragments are separated according to their size. Proteins can be separated by their size and their charge.

Question 42

Explain how short tandem repeats are used in DNA profiling.

Answer 42

Short tandem repeats are favored by many forensic scientists. Short tandem repeats are short sequences that are repeated several times in different loci of someone’s DNA. Forensic scientists usually observe 10 different locis on different chromosomes to determine the relation of evidence to someone’s DNA.

Question 43

Describe the diverse applications of DNA profiling.

Answer 43

DNA profiling can be used to prove people guilty or innocent. Solve questions of who’s the baby’s parent? Identify victims of accidents. Inquiry the origin of nonhuman materials

Question 44

Explain how restriction fragment analysis is used to detect differences in DNA sequences.

Answer 44

Restriction length analysis is used to detect differences in DNA sequences by producing DNA fragments by restriction enzymes and sorting these fragments by gel electrophoresis.

Question 45

Explain why it is important to sequence the genomes of humans and other organisms.

Answer 45

It’s important because it’s a step forward for scientists to understand how the genome works as a whole, how they work together to direct the growth, development, and maintenance of an organism as a whole.

Question 46

Describe the structure and possible functions of the non-coding sections of the human genome.

Answer 46

Human DNA is comprised of abundant repeats that extend for many sections. DNA consists mostly of repetitive elements scattered with nonrepetitive sequences. These non-coding sections are responsible for coding proteins.

Question 47

Explain how the human genome was mapped.

Answer 47

The human genome was mapped through an association called The Human Genome Project. It is an international program with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA. This is how the identifying and mapping of the human genome happened.

Question 48

Compare the fields of genomics and proteomics.

Answer 48

Proteomics is the study of the proteome of an organism. Proteome refers to the entire protein set coded by the genome. Genomics is the study of the genome of an organism.

Question 49

Describe the significance of genomics to the study of evolutionary relationships and our understanding of the special characteristics of humans.

Answer 49

Genomics is the study of the structure of all genes and its relative position on the chromosome. It also studies the function of all genes and the role of genes in regulating metabolic activities in the cell. This idea helps us understand evolution because it gives us a simple way to compare organisms and possibly figure out if they come from a common ancestor.