MSA Chapter 12 VOCAB

Question 1

Biotechnology

Answer 1

the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

Question 2

Clone

Answer 2

a group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell

Question 3

Complementary DNA

Answer 3

the double-stranded DNA that forms after another enzyme after reverse transcriptase is added to break down the mRNA and DNA polermase

Question 4

DNA ligase

Answer 4

the enzyme that permanently glues DNA fragments together

Question 5

Gene cloning

Answer 5

the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA``

Question 6

DNA Technology

Answer 6

modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material

Question 7

Genetic engineering

Answer 7

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Question 8

Genomic library

Answer 8

the entire collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a genome

Question 9

Nucleic acid probes

Answer 9

complementary molecules used to find a specific or other nucleotide within DNA, they are “Labeled”

Question 10

Plasmids

Answer 10

small, circular DNA molecules that duplicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome

Question 11

Recombinant DNA

Answer 11

DNA from two different sources, often species

Question 12

Restriction enzymes

Answer 12

enzymes that cut DNA into fragments, in nature they protect bacterial cells against intruders (DNA from other organisms or viruses)

Question 13

Restriction site

Answer 13

The DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme

Question 14

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 14

the enzyme that isolates mRNA and makes single-stranded DNA transcripts from it

Question 15

Vector

Answer 15

a gene carrier

Question 16

genetically modified (GM) organisms

Answer 16

organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means.

Question 17

transgenic organism

Answer 17

an organism that newly acquired a gene from another organism typically of another species

Question 18

Ti plasmid

Answer 18

The most common vector used to introduce new genes into
plant cells

Question 19

Gene Therapy

Answer 19

changing of an afflicted individuals genes for therapeutic purposes

Question 20

Forensics

Answer 20

the scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal proceedings

Question 21

DNA profiling

Answer 21

the analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they come from the same individual

Question 22

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 22

a technique by which a specific segment of a DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the labratory

Question 23

Primers

Answer 23

short chemically synthesized single-stranded DNA molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at each end of the target sequence

Question 24

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 24

a thin slab of jelly-like material often made from agarose. It acts as a molecular sieve that separates macromolecules

Question 25

Human Genome Project

Answer 25

a project with the goals of determining the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and identifying the location and sequence of every gene

Question 26

Telomeres

Answer 26

stretches of DNA with thousands of short repetitions are also prominent at the centromeres and ends of chromosomes

Question 27

Transposable elements

Answer 27

DNA segments that can move or be copied from one location to another in a chromosome and even between chromosomes

Question 28

Whole-genome shotgun method

Answer 28

a method where an entire genome is chopped by restriction enzymes into fragments that are cloned and sequenced in just one stage. Then high-performance computers run a specialized mapping, software, which can assemble the millions of overlapping short sequences into a single continuous sequence for every chromosome, thus an entire genome.

Question 29

Proteomics

Answer 29

the systematic study of full protein sets encoded by genomes