MS

Question 1

Order of Essay

Answer 1

Define
Demographic 
Genetic Variation 
Mechanisms 
Enviro
High/low income 
Genetic testing

Question 2

What is MS

Answer 2

a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leads to demyelination and axonal degeneration = neurological impairment

Question 3

What topics are included in demographic

Answer 3

prevalent e
incidence
increase age
increase female

Question 4

What is the prevalence effect

Answer 4

increase = survival

Question 5

what is the incidence effect

Answer 5

increae= diagnosis, environmental insult (later discussed) modern society clean
heritability

Question 6

why are females more at risk

Answer 6

sexual dimorphism) = different regulation of immune function i.e. estrogen, genomic imprinting
- Males previously more likely to be diagnoses

Question 7

what is the predominant genetic variant

Answer 7

HLA DRB1*15 allele, associated with MS susceptibility

Question 8

link HLA DRB1*15 allele, with enviro

Answer 8

setting of vitamin D deficiency and this combination may explain the high prevalence

Question 9

what does HLA DRB1*15 do

Answer 9

• affect central deletion of autoreactive T cells

Question 10

what are the mechanisms

Answer 10

1. autoimmune= by product of past adaption + strong selection pressure
2. new as in euro
3. late onset = post repro + unaffected mother transmission

Question 11

enviro factors

Answer 11

lat, vitamin d, smoking

Question 12

high income/low income reletion

Answer 12

- specialists, MRI, funding of research, funding of treatment 
// with genetic testing (if can happen at all)= limitations in low income

Question 13

explain the genetic testing and loci

Answer 13

• 57 loci with genome wide significance, but very low odds ratio
• // most important SNP: HLA DRB*1501 (odd’s ratio is 3.1