L11 HIV

Question 1

how does HIV virus work

Answer 1

• Genetic material integrates into genome
o Utilizes own machinery and replicates
o Moves out of cell to others

Question 2

horizontal transmissions of HIV

Answer 2

• Unprotected sex with infected partner

Question 3

Vertical transmission of HIV

Answer 3

o In utero
o During delivery
o Breastmilk
o Injection drug use (infected blood/blood products)

Question 4

What can prevent HIV leading to AIDS

Answer 4

anti-retroviral drugs (ART)

Question 5

what process enables the body to live with HVI

Answer 5

cohabitation

Question 6

What does difference in prevalence rates of HIV in different countries signify

Answer 6

• Male/female reflect culture
o US: Males more likely, reflects demographic of early stages (homosexual)
o Sub-sahara: complications of mother/child (additional transmission route + lack anti-retro virus)

Question 7

what does HIV mobility impact in terms of society and usual age of disease

Answer 7

20-40

Impacts workforce age + reproduction age
• = impacts population productivity
o Lack contributions to society

Question 8

example of behavioural changes in preventing HIV

Answer 8

Heterosexual contact high transmission route in eastern zim

o Minimize risk from behaviour change

Question 9

Explain the relationship between HIV prevalence and incidence

Answer 9

Prevalence rate: increase (anti-retroviral therapy keeps people alive= increase duration of disease)
Incidence rate: decrease

Question 10

Ways to fight HIV

Answer 10

1. Reduce risk of transmission via government policies (i.e. clean needle)
2. anti-retroviral drugs- natural and induced immunity
   Behavioural:
3. circumcisions
4. condom use

Question 11

how to overcome virus adapting to HIV therapy

Answer 11

o // need combination of multiple stops of lifecycle

- target parts of life cycle

Question 12

what does ART doe

Answer 12

• CD4+ depletion controlled

- viremia becomes undetectable

Question 13

what does stopping ART do

Answer 13

causes rebound viremia

Question 14

how does CCR532 gene affect HIV infection

Answer 14

• Molecules used to attach HIV to cell= CD4 + CCR5 (coreceptor of HIV)
o Mutation of 32 base pair deletion at gene = no CCR5
• Homo allele= protected, one copy= usual slightly better

Question 15

why is the freq of CCR532 variant so low where its needed

Answer 15

C. Low freq= unable to gain momentum

Question 16

link freq of CCR532 to west nile

Answer 16

o west nile= disadvantage, hiv= advantageous for gene
o CCR5 deficiency increase risk for West Nile virus
o 2 environmental insult
o Different outcomes for same variation= adaption for one pathogen may be maladaptive for another