L9-10

Question 1

what is the drive towards (and what is it not) in adapations of pathogens

Answer 1

• The main drive is not towards increasing virulence, but towards co-adaptation

Question 2

Difference between innate and adaptive immunity

• post physical barriers

Answer 2

inate= within 12 hours i.e. phagocytes, inflammatory

adaptive= over days = b and t pymphosytes

Question 3

mechanisms of innate immunity

Answer 3

ingest and east

Question 4

difference between innate and adaptive antigen recognition

Answer 4

innate= many recognised (invariant)
adaptive= one recognised

Question 5

what occurs in maturation states of b cells (post colonial proliferation)

Answer 5

• antibody creation + memory cell of others

Question 6

describe the secondary response

Answer 6

• Time and concentration higher in subsequent exposure

Question 7

difference between antigenic drift and shift

Answer 7

drift= small change of antigen outside structure = antibodies no as successful in recognising (reduce memory effectiveness)

shift= reassortment

Question 8

what do vaccines imitate

Answer 8

effective immune response

Question 9

what do incidence rates usually reflect after vaccine use

Answer 9

decrease

Question 10

what does availability of vaccine depend on

Answer 10

health infrastructure
(via high/low income)
malnutrition
emergeneies

Question 11

what does outcomes of diseases with no protection depend on

Answer 11

infrastructure health care co morbidities (single/multiple illnesses/infections)

Question 12

what does case fatility rate depend on

Answer 12

location

Question 13

describe features of innate immunity vs adaptive

Answer 13

present form birth
not antigen specific
not enhanced by second exposure
no memory

Question 14

describe an effector mechanism

Answer 14

neutralisation of antibodies = infection/ toxicity

Question 15

types of vaccines

Answer 15

attenuated 
killed
subuit 
recominant 
vectored 
naked dna
reassortment

Question 16

explain recombinant vaccine

Answer 16

dna extracted, insert yeast/bacteria, express antigen, purify

Question 17

advantages/disadvantaged of live vaccine

Answer 17

-sees life cycle= strong response
dis;
-may mutate

Question 18

ad/limitations of killed vaccine

Answer 18

• Ad: storing issues not apparents

* Limit: limited motifs

Question 19

limitations of subunit

Answer 19

• Need to know which part of pathogen is good at stimulating immune system

= however is targeted

Question 20

which disease require a larger number of people to have immunity

Answer 20

high infectivity= larger number immunity than those diseases with low infectivity

Question 21

what is herd immunity

Answer 21

When the number of immune persons is high enough that it is unlikely that a susceptible person will have contact with an infected person.

Question 22

what does higher R0 mean in terms of herd immunity

Answer 22

• Higher Ro= higher herd immunity threshold

Question 23

why did polio experience outbreak in syria

Answer 23

Polio outbreak in the backdrop of war

• Breakdown of healthcare ifrustructure

Question 24

why do we still not have 100% effective vaccines

Answer 24

1. Antigenic drift
2. High mutation rate = evade immune system
   o temporary (Expose to virus) vaccine against
   o Virus changes so quickly that memory cells are ineffective
   • Memory cells cannot recognise motifs bc they no longer exist
   • Short time to evolve
3. Antigenic shift

Question 25

why is HIV harder to vaccinate

Answer 25

diversity level much higher

Question 26

How can vaccination help reduce antibiotic resistance?

Answer 26

Vaccines can help limit the spread of antibiotic resistance
Expanding the use of existing vaccines will reduce the use of antibiotics and the development of resistance
Developing and using new vaccines to prevent bacterial diseases can further reduce the development of resistance